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[]
[null,"Amplitude","The maximum distance the medium carrying the wave moves away from rest position"]
[null,"Amplitude of a light wave","Brightness"]
[null,"Amplitude of a sound wave","Loudness"]
[null,"Angle of incidence","The angle between the incident ray and the normal line"]
[null,"Angle of reflection","Angle between the reflected ray and the normal line"]
[null,"Angle of refraction","Angle between the refracted ray and the normal line"]
[null,"Apparent position","Where an objects appears to be"]
[null,"Colours of visible light","Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet"]
[null,"Compression","Part of a longitudinal wave where the particles are close together"]
[null,"Condition for Total Internal Reflection","Light is incident at interface at angle at/greater than the critical angle"]
[null,"Condition for Total Internal Reflection","Light travels from optically more to optically less dense medium"]
[null,"Converging light rays","Light focuses to a single point"]
[null,"Crest","The maximum upward displacement"]
[null,"Critical angle","Smallest angle at which a light passing from one medium to less refractive medium can be totally reflected"]
[null,"Diffraction around a barrier","When a wave passes a barrier it bends and spreads out"]
[null,"Diffuse reflection","Light hits an object and reflects in lots of different directions"]
[null,"Dispersion","Each colour refracts slightly differently"]
[null,"Distance of image, di","The distance from the mirror/lens to the image"]
[null,"Distance of object, do","The distance from the mirror/lens to the object"]
[null,"Diverging light rays","Light goes away from a focal point/rays never meet"]
[null,"Dotted lines are used for","Virtual rays"]
[null,"Echo","A reflected sound wave"]
[null,"Echolocation","The process of using reflected sound waves to find objects"]
[null,"Effect of diffraction on wavelength","No change "]
[null,"Effect of reflection on wave speed","No change in speed if travelling the same medium"]
[null,"Electromagnetic spectrum","The entire range of electromagnetic waves"]
[null,"Electromagnetic wave","Waves that can transfer energy without going through a medium"]
[null,"Equation for the frequency of a wave","frequency = 1/Time period (f = 1/T)"]
[null,"Equation for the speed of a wave","speed =distance/time (v = d/t)"]
[null,"Frequency","The number of waves that pass a given point each second"]
[null,"Image","The location in space where it appears that light diverges from"]
[null,"Incident ray","The direction that a wave travels as it approaches a boundary"]
[null,"Interface","Boundary between two media"]
[null,"Inverted image","Upside down image"]
[null,"kHz","1000 Hz"]
[null,"Lateral inversion","When you view an image of yourself in a plane mirror, there is an left-right reversal of the image"]
[null,"Law of reflection","Angle of incidence and angle of reflection are equal"]
[null,"Lens","Optical instrument that refracts waves"]
[null,"Light that refracts least in a prism","Red"]
[null,"Light that refracts most in a prism","Violet"]
[null,"Longitudinal wave","A wave in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels"]
[null,"Mechanical waves","Waves that require a medium through which to travel are called mechanical waves"]
[null,"Medium"," The material through which a wave travels"]
[null,"Mirror","Optical instrument that reflects waves"]
[null,"Normal","Imaginary line drawn perpendicular to a boundary"]
[null,"Object","Everything that can be seen is seen only when light from this travels to our eyes"]
[null,"Optical density","The greater this value that a material has, the slower that a wave will move through it."]
[null,"Parallel rays","Rays that neither converge nor diverge"]
[null,"Period","The time required for one full wavelength to pass a certain point"]
[null,"Perpendicular","At right angles to a given line or plane"]
[null,"Plane mirror","A flat mirror"]
[null,"Prism","Shape that separates white light into a spectrum of colours"]
[null,"Pulse","A single short disturbance that moves from one position to another"]
[null,"Rarefaction","Part of a longitudinal wave where the particles are spread apart"]
[null,"Ray diagram","Diagram that traces the path that light takes in order for a person to view a point on the image of an object"]
[null,"Real image","Image is formed by actual rays of light and can be projected"]
[null,"Red light","Colour with longer wavelength"]
[null,"Reflection","Change in direction of a wave upon striking the interface between two materials"]
[null,"Refracted ray","Shows the direction that light travels after it has crossed over the boundary"]
[null,"Refraction","Deviation of the path of a wave as it passes across the boundary separating two media"]
[null,"Refraction from less dense to more dense medium","Ray bends towards normal "]
[null,"Refraction from more dense to less dense medium","Ray bends away from normal"]
[null,"Sound is produced by","Vibrating matter"]
[null,"Specular reflection","If a bundle of light rays is incident upon a smooth surface"]
[null,"Speed of light","Around 300,000 km/s"]
[null,"Total internal reflection","Reflection of a ray at the boundary of two media, when the ray comes from greater refractive index"]
[null,"Transverse wave","A wave that moves the medium in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels"]
[null,"Trough","The maximum downward displacement"]
[null,"Types of waves","Transverse waves, longitudinal waves"]
[null,"Vacuum ","An empty space in which there is no air or other gas"]
[null,"Vibration","A repeated back and forth or up and down motion"]
[null,"Violet light","Colour with shorter wavelength"]
[null,"Virtual image","Image that cannot be captured on a screen / has diverging rays"]
[null,"Wave","A disturbance that transfers energy from place to place"]
[null,"Wave formula","Speed = wavelength x frequency."]
[null,"Wavelength ","Distance between two corresponding parts of a wave"]

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[]
[null,"The maximum distance the medium carrying the wave moves away from rest position","Brightness","Loudness","The angle between the incident ray and the normal line"]
[null,"Amplitude","Amplitude of a light wave","Amplitude of a sound wave","Angle of incidence"]
[null,"Angle between the reflected ray and the normal line","Angle between the refracted ray and the normal line","Where an objects appears to be","Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet"]
[null,"Angle of reflection","Angle of refraction","Apparent position","Colours of visible light"]
[null,"Part of a longitudinal wave where the particles are close together","Light is incident at interface at angle at/greater than the critical angle","Light travels from optically more to optically less dense medium","Light focuses to a single point"]
[null,"Compression","Condition for Total Internal Reflection","Condition for Total Internal Reflection","Converging light rays"]
[null,"The maximum upward displacement","Smallest angle at which a light passing from one medium to less refractive medium can be totally reflected","When a wave passes a barrier it bends and spreads out","Light hits an object and reflects in lots of different directions"]
[null,"Crest","Critical angle","Diffraction around a barrier","Diffuse reflection"]
[null,"Each colour refracts slightly differently","The distance from the mirror/lens to the image","The distance from the mirror/lens to the object","Light goes away from a focal point/rays never meet"]
[null,"Dispersion","Distance of image, di","Distance of object, do","Diverging light rays"]
[null,"Virtual rays","A reflected sound wave","The process of using reflected sound waves to find objects","No change "]
[null,"Dotted lines are used for","Echo","Echolocation","Effect of diffraction on wavelength"]
[null,"No change in speed if travelling the same medium","The entire range of electromagnetic waves","Waves that can transfer energy without going through a medium","frequency = 1/Time period (f = 1/T)"]
[null,"Effect of reflection on wave speed","Electromagnetic spectrum","Electromagnetic wave","Equation for the frequency of a wave"]
[null,"speed =distance/time (v = d/t)","The number of waves that pass a given point each second","The location in space where it appears that light diverges from","The direction that a wave travels as it approaches a boundary"]
[null,"Equation for the speed of a wave","Frequency","Image","Incident ray"]
[null,"Boundary between two media","Upside down image","1000 Hz","When you view an image of yourself in a plane mirror, there is an left-right reversal of the image"]
[null,"Interface","Inverted image","kHz","Lateral inversion"]
[null,"Angle of incidence and angle of reflection are equal","Optical instrument that refracts waves","Red","Violet"]
[null,"Law of reflection","Lens","Light that refracts least in a prism","Light that refracts most in a prism"]
[null,"A wave in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels","Waves that require a medium through which to travel are called mechanical waves"," The material through which a wave travels","Optical instrument that reflects waves"]
[null,"Longitudinal wave","Mechanical waves","Medium","Mirror"]
[null,"Imaginary line drawn perpendicular to a boundary","Everything that can be seen is seen only when light from this travels to our eyes","The greater this value that a material has, the slower that a wave will move through it.","Rays that neither converge nor diverge"]
[null,"Normal","Object","Optical density","Parallel rays"]
[null,"The time required for one full wavelength to pass a certain point","At right angles to a given line or plane","A flat mirror","Shape that separates white light into a spectrum of colours"]
[null,"Period","Perpendicular","Plane mirror","Prism"]
[null,"A single short disturbance that moves from one position to another","Part of a longitudinal wave where the particles are spread apart","Diagram that traces the path that light takes in order for a person to view a point on the image of an object","Image is formed by actual rays of light and can be projected"]
[null,"Pulse","Rarefaction","Ray diagram","Real image"]
[null,"Colour with longer wavelength","Change in direction of a wave upon striking the interface between two materials","Shows the direction that light travels after it has crossed over the boundary","Deviation of the path of a wave as it passes across the boundary separating two media"]
[null,"Red light","Reflection","Refracted ray","Refraction"]
[null,"Ray bends towards normal ","Ray bends away from normal","Vibrating matter","If a bundle of light rays is incident upon a smooth surface"]
[null,"Refraction from less dense to more dense medium","Refraction from more dense to less dense medium","Sound is produced by","Specular reflection"]
[null,"Around 300,000 km/s","Reflection of a ray at the boundary of two media, when the ray comes from greater refractive index","A wave that moves the medium in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels","The maximum downward displacement"]
[null,"Speed of light","Total internal reflection","Transverse wave","Trough"]
[null,"Transverse waves, longitudinal waves","An empty space in which there is no air or other gas","A repeated back and forth or up and down motion","Colour with shorter wavelength"]
[null,"Types of waves","Vacuum ","Vibration","Violet light"]
[null,"Image that cannot be captured on a screen / has diverging rays","A disturbance that transfers energy from place to place","Speed = wavelength x frequency.","Distance between two corresponding parts of a wave"]
[null,"Virtual image","Wave","Wave formula","Wavelength "]

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[]
[null,null,"absolute zero"," coldest temperature possible, particles have no motion"]
[null,null,"absorption"," occurs when light waves are captured by an object"]
[null,null,"acid"," substance that turns litmus paper red or pink"]
[null,null,"active energy"," type of energy being used to do something"]
[null,null,"adaptation"," feature that aids survival or reproduction"]
[null,null,"alkali"," substance that turns litmus paper blue"]
[null,null,"amorphous solid"," solid with no regular crystalline shape"]
[null,null,"amplitude"," amount of movement or vibration that a wave creates"]
[null,null,"angle of incidence"," angle between the incident ray and the normal"]
[null,null,"angle of reflection"," angle between the reflected ray and the normal"]
[null,null,"angle of refraction"," angle between the refracted ray and the normal"]
[null,null,"anther"," male organ of a flower, which produces pollen grains"]
[null,null,"appliance"," personal or household object that runs on electricity"]
[null,null,"asexual reproduction"," production of genetically identical offspring by a single parent"]
[null,null,"atmosphere"," layers of gas found around a planet"]
[null,null,"atom"," basic building block of matter"]
[null,null,"atomic number"," number of protons that an atom has in its nucleus"]
[null,null,"axis"," line around which rotation occurs"]
[null,null,"behavioural adaptation"," activity of an organism that helps it to survive or reproduce"]
[null,null,"Big Bang theory","theory that the universe started incredibly small and then expanded extremely rapidly"]
[null,null,"binary fission"," reproducing by splitting into two organisms"]
[null,null,"biologists"," scientists who studies the properties, behaviour and relationships of organisms"]
[null,null,"biology"," study of organisms"]
[null,null,"biosphere"," layer on the surface of Earth in which life exists"]
[null,null,"black hole"," heavenly object that sucks in surrounding matter"]
[null,null,"boiling"," rapid change of state from a liquid to gas"]
[null,null,"boiling point"," temperature at which a liquid boils into a gas"]
[null,null,"bond"," attractive force between atoms that holds them together"]
[null,null,"brownian motion"," random motion of small particles in air or water"]
[null,null,"carbohydrate"," type of food that includes sugars and starches"]
[null,null,"carnivore"," organism that consumes other animals"]
[null,null,"catalyst"," chemical that speeds up a reaction but is not used up"]
[null,null,"cell"," building block of organisms"]
[null,null,"cell division"," occurs when a single cell divides into two, each with an identical copy of the organism’s genes"]
[null,null,"cell membrane"," outer surface of a cell"]
[null,null,"cell nucleus"," the control centre of the cell, which contains the genes"]
[null,null,"cell wall"," plants have this rigid layer outside their cell membrane"]
[null,null,"Celsius scale"," temperature scale used by most thermometers"]
[null,null,"change of state"," change between any of the states of matter"]
[null,null,"chemical change"," occurs when new substances with different chemical properties are produced"]
[null,null,"chemical equation"," describing a reaction using chemical formula"]
[null,null,"chemical formula"," chemical symbol for an atom, molecule or compound"]
[null,null,"chemical name"," scientific name for an element or compound"]
[null,null,"chemical potential energy"," energy held in the bonds between atoms"]
[null,null,"chemical property"," how a substance reacts with another type of substance"]
[null,null,"chemical reaction"," process in which existing chemicals are changed into new ones"]
[null,null,"chemical symbol"," unique letter code for an element"]
[null,null,"chemicals"," substances that are studied by chemists"]
[null,null,"chemist"," scientist who studies the properties and behaviour of chemicals"]
[null,null,"chemistry"," study of the properties and behaviour of chemicals"]
[null,null,"chlorophyll"," chemical found in leaves that traps light waves"]
[null,null,"chromosome"," long string of genes found in the cell nucleus"]
[null,null,"circulation"," transporting food, water and oxygen around the organism"]
[null,null,"circumference"," distance around a circle or sphere"]
[null,null,"class"," group of related orders of organisms"]
[null,null,"classification"," sorting into groups of similar or related organisms"]
[null,null,"colony"," collection of similar cells"]
[null,null,"colour"," property of light waves that our eyes can distinguish, related to wavelength"]
[null,null,"combustion"," chemical reaction that occurs between a substance and oxygen involving burning"]
[null,null,"compound"," chemical in which atoms of different elements are bonded  together"]
[null,null,"compressible"," able to be squashed"]
[null,null,"concentrated solution"," liquid with a high concentration of solute molecules"]
[null,null,"condensation"," occurs when water vapour turns into liquid water"]
[null,null,"conduction"," transfer of thermal energy along a solid object"]
[null,null,"conductivity"," how well a substance conducts electricity or thermal  energy"]
[null,null,"constellation"," groups of stars that are close together in the sky"]
[null,null,"consumer"," organism that eats other animals or plants"]
[null,null,"contraction"," process of getting smaller, often due to cooling"]
[null,null,"convection"," thermal energy transfer by currents occurring in a gas or liquid"]
[null,null,"cotyledon"," food store within a seed"]
[null,null,"crests"," high points of a sea wave"]
[null,null,"critical angle"," angle of incidence that gives an angle of refraction of 90°"]
[null,null,"cross-pollination"," transfer of pollen from one plant to another of same species"]
[null,null,"crystal"," solid that has a regular geometric shape"]
[null,null,"current"," movement in a liquid or gas"]
[null,null,"cytoplasm"," jelly-like interior of a cell where chemical reactions occur"]
[null,null,"decomposer"," organism that breaks down dead organisms"]
[null,null,"degrees Celsius"," unit of the Celsius temperature scale"]
[null,null,"dehydrate"," dry out through excessive water loss"]
[null,null,"density"," mass of a fixed volume of matter"]
[null,null,"diameter"," distance from one side of a circle or sphere to the other side through the centre"]
[null,null,"diffusion"," spreading out of particles from high- to low- concentration  areas"]
[null,null,"digestive enzyme"," chemical that breaks down food molecules"]
[null,null,"dilute solution"," liquid with a low concentration of solute molecules"]
[null,null,"dispersal"," spreading of seeds away from the parent plant"]
[null,null,"dispersion"," splitting up of white light into the colours of the spectrum"]
[null,null,"dissolving"," occurs when a solid disappears into a liquid"]
[null,null,"dormant"," in a non-active state"]
[null,null,"egg"," large, immobile reproductive cell; female gamete"]
[null,null,"elastic potential energy"," energy stored in squashed or stretched  objects"]
[null,null,"electrical charge"," charge can be either positive or negative"]
[null,null,"electrical energy"," involves the flow of electrons along a conductor"]
[null,null,"electromagnetic spectrum"," the complete range of different types of radiation"]
[null,null,"electromagnetic wave"," electrical and magnetic ripples that keep interacting to create the wave"]
[null,null,"electrons"," negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,null,"element"," pure substance made up of one type of atom only"]
[null,null,"embryo"," early stage in the development of an organism"]
[null,null,"energy"," something needed to do or change things"]
[null,null,"energy chain"," series of transformations from one type of energy to another"]
[null,null,"energy conservation"," energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one type to another"]
[null,null,"energy efficiency"," percentage of energy used effectively by an appliance"]
[null,null,"energy input"," energy used by an appliance"]
[null,null,"energy output"," energy released by an appliance"]
[null,null,"energy shell (electron shell)"," area around the nucleus of an atom that can accommodate a certain number of electrons"]
[null,null,"energy shell model"," model of the atom in which electrons occupy energy shells (layers) around the nucleus"]
[null,null,"energy story"," tracing the source of energy back through an energy  chain"]
[null,null,"energy transfer"," when energy is transferred from one object to another without changing its form"]
[null,null,"energy transformation"," change from one type of energy to another"]
[null,null,"enzyme"," special chemical made by an organism, which controls a particular reaction"]
[null,null,"epidermal layer"," outer layer of cells of a leaf"]
[null,null,"equator"," imaginary line encircling Earth midway between poles"]
[null,null,"erect image"," image that is the right way up"]
[null,null,"evaporation"," slow change from liquid to gas state"]
[null,null,"excretion"," disposal of poisonous wastes from the body"]
[null,null,"expansion"," process of getting larger due to the effects of heating"]
[null,null,"family"," group of similar genera of organisms"]
[null,null,"female gamete"," another name for an egg"]
[null,null,"fertile"," able to produce offspring"]
[null,null,"fertilisation"," fusing of male and female gametes to form a zygote"]
[null,null,"food"," complex energy-rich molecules that also contain the nutrients required for growth"]
[null,null,"food chain"," series of organisms showing who eats whom"]
[null,null,"food molecule"," substance required for energy or growth"]
[null,null,"forces of attraction"," forces that pull objects together"]
[null,null,"fossil fuel"," fuel (e.g. oil) created from the remains of organisms over millions of years"]
[null,null,"free electrons"," outer electrons that are able to move freely in a metal"]
[null,null,"free motion"," occurs when particles are able to move freely past each other"]
[null,null,"freezing"," change of state from liquid to solid"]
[null,null,"freezing point"," temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid"]
[null,null,"frequency"," number of crests, compressions or cycles per second"]
[null,null,"friction"," rubbing force that tends to slow down objects"]
[null,null,"fuel"," substance that contains chemical potential energy"]
[null,null,"galaxy"," vast collection of stars held together by gravity"]
[null,null,"gametes"," special cells involved in sexual reproduction; egg and sperm"]
[null,null,"gas"," state of matter that has no fixed shape and fills a container"]
[null,null,"genes"," coded instructions that determine how the organism will develop and function"]
[null,null,"genus"," group of closely related species"]
[null,null,"geotropism"," growth of roots downwards into soil"]
[null,null,"germination"," start of growth of a seed"]
[null,null,"glowing splint test"," test for oxygen gas, it ignites again"]
[null,null,"glucose"," sugar produced in photosynthesis"]
[null,null,"gravitational potential energy"," energy possessed by objects that have been lifted up"]
[null,null,"gravity"," force of attraction between two masses, acts over a distance"]
[null,null,"gravity field"," area in which an object’s gravitational pull is experienced"]
[null,null,"greenhouse effect"," trapping of thermal energy in the atmosphere by ‘greenhouse’ gases"]
[null,null,"growth"," increase in size of an organism"]
[null,null,"guard cells"," cells on a leaf’s surface that control the entry and exit of gases"]
[null,null,"heat"," thermal energy in transit from a hotter to a colder body"]
[null,null,"heat energy"," see thermal energy"]
[null,null,"heat transfer"," the transfer of thermal energy from a hotter to a colder object"]
[null,null,"herbivore"," organism that consumes plants for food"]
[null,null,"hertz"," unit for frequency (cycles per second)"]
[null,null,"hydrotropism"," growth of root tips in the soil towards water"]
[null,null,"hyphae"," fine feeding threads of fungi"]
[null,null,"hypothesis"," statement that can be tested by an experiment"]
[null,null,"ice point"," temperature of melting ice"]
[null,null,"ignite"," start to burn"]
[null,null,"illusion"," image of an object that tricks one’s eyes"]
[null,null,"image"," view of an object at a place other than where the object is"]
[null,null,"incident ray"," incoming light ray"]
[null,null,"infrared radiation"," type of radiant energy that heats objects"]
[null,null,"insoluble solid"," solid that does not dissolve"]
[null,null,"interstellar"," between stars"]
[null,null,"ion"," atom that has lost or gained electrons and become charged"]
[null,null,"ionosphere"," upper layer of the atmosphere that absorbs gamma rays"]
[null,null,"joule"," unit of energy"]
[null,null,"kilojoule"," 1000 joules"]
[null,null,"kinetic energy"," type of energy that moving objects have"]
[null,null,"kingdom"," group of similar phyla of organisms"]
[null,null,"laser light"," concentrated beam of mono-coloured light"]
[null,null,"laterally inverted image"," image in which the left and right sides of the object are swapped over"]
[null,null,"lattice"," fixed arrangement of particles (e.g. atoms)"]
[null,null,"Law of Energy Conservation"," energy cannot be created out of nothing, nor can it be lost or destroyed, but it can be changed from one type into another"]
[null,null,"Law of Reflection (first)"," normal, incident and reflected rays always lie in the same plane"]
[null,null,"Law of Reflection (second)"," angle of reflection always equals the angle of incidence"]
[null,null,"Law of Refraction (first)"," if optical density of new medium is greater than that of old medium, then refracted ray will be bent towards normal"]
[null,null,"Law of Refraction (second)"," if optical density of new medium is less than that of old medium, then refracted ray will be bent away from normal"]
[null,null,"life processes"," activities that all living organisms must carry out"]
[null,null,"light"," type of radiant energy that illuminates objects so that we are able to see them"]
[null,null,"light ray"," stream of light waves"]
[null,null,"light receptors"," cells in eye that are sensitive to one of the primary light colours (red, green or blue)"]
[null,null,"light source"," object able to generate its own light"]
[null,null,"light telescope"," used to collect and magnify light from distant objects"]
[null,null,"light waves"," interacting electrical and magnetic ripples that"]
[null,null,"light year"," distance light travels through space in one year"]
[null,null,"lipid"," type of food that includes oils and fats"]
[null,null,"liquid"," state of matter that has a fixed volume and takes the shape of the container"]
[null,null,"longitudinal waves"," particles vibrate parallel to the direction in which the wave is moving"]
[null,null,"magnetic potential energy"," energy that an iron object may gain when held in a magnetic field"]
[null,null,"male gamete"," small mobile reproductive cell; sperm"]
[null,null,"man-made satellite"," satellite made by humans"]
[null,null,"mass"," amount of matter in an object or substance"]
[null,null,"matter"," all objects and substances are made of matter"]
[null,null,"mean"," average result for a set of measurements"]
[null,null,"medium"," substance through which waves can travel"]
[null,null,"melting"," change of state from solid to liquid"]
[null,null,"melting point"," temperature at which a solid melts"]
[null,null,"metabolism"," chemical processes occurring inside cells"]
[null,null,"metals"," elements that are solid, shiny, bendable and conduct heat and electricity well"]
[null,null,"micro-organism"," organism visible only under the microscope"]
[null,null,"microscope"," optical instrument for viewing small objects "]
[null,null,"Milky Way galaxy"," the galaxy that the Solar System is in"]
[null,null,"mineral"," soil chemical needed by plants in small amounts"]
[null,null,"mixture"," occurs when chemicals are mixed together but do not react"]
[null,null,"models"," ways of visualising objects that we cannot see"]
[null,null,"molecule"," group of atoms that are bonded together"]
[null,null,"momentum"," tendency of objects to keep moving"]
[null,null,"Moon"," natural satellite that orbits Planet Earth"]
[null,null,"movement"," moving the whole or part of an organism"]
[null,null,"multicellular organism"," organism made of many cells"]
[null,null,"natural satellite"," natural object that orbits a larger body"]
[null,null,"nervous system"," body system that includes the brain and nerves"]
[null,null,"neutral atom"," atom that is uncharged (electrically neutral)"]
[null,null,"neutron"," uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,null,"neutron star"," extremely dense remains of a collapsed star"]
[null,null,"non-metals"," all the element that are not metals"]
[null,null,"normal"," imaginary line perpendicular to where a light ray strikes a surface"]
[null,null,"nuclear potential energy"," type of energy stored in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,null,"nuclear reaction"," reaction involving the splitting or building up of atomic nuclei"]
[null,null,"nucleus (atom)"," dense central core of an atom"]
[null,null,"nucleus (cell)"," control centre of a cell where genes are located"]
[null,null,"nutrition"," making or acquiring food"]
[null,null,"offspring"," new individuals produced by parent organisms opaque medium"]
[null,null,"optical instrument"," object such as binoculars, camera or telescope"]
[null,null,"orbit"," nearly circular path of a satellite around a planet"]
[null,null,"order"," group of related families of organisms"]
[null,null,"organ"," part of an organism formed out of different tissues"]
[null,null,"organ system"," collection of organs that work together to carry out a life process, e.g. digestion"]
[null,null,"organelle"," microscopic structure found inside a cell, e.g. nucleus"]
[null,null,"organism"," living object that carries out all of the life processes"]
[null,null,"osmosis"," natural movement of water molecules through a membrane, caused by diffusion"]
[null,null,"ovary"," organ that produces female gametes (eggs)"]
[null,null,"ovule"," part of a flower that develops into a seed"]
[null,null,"ozone layer"," layer of ozone gas in the atmosphere that absorbs ultraviolet  radiation"]
[null,null,"palisade layer"," layer of upright cells inside a leaf that carry out photosynthesis"]
[null,null,"parasite"," organism that lives in or on a larger organism feeding off it"]
[null,null,"particle theory"," all matter is made of tiny particles, either atoms, ions, or molecules"]
[null,null,"pathogen"," disease-causing micro-organism"]
[null,null,"penumbra"," area partly in shadow"]
[null,null,"period"," time till the next crest or compression arrives"]
[null,null,"Periodic Table"," table of all the elements arranged to show"]
[null,null,"permeable membrane"," membrane that lets some molecules pass through it"]
[null,null,"petiole"," stalk joining the leaf to a stem"]
[null,null,"phases of the Moon"," changing appearance of the Moon over a month"]
[null,null,"photosynthesis"," process in plants that traps sunlight energy and produces glucose and oxygen"]
[null,null,"phototropism"," curving growth of leaves and stems towards the light"]
[null,null,"phylum"," group of related classes of organisms"]
[null,null,"physical change"," change in some physical property of matter"]
[null,null,"physical property"," property of a substance not involving a chemical  reaction"]
[null,null,"physiological adaptation"," an aspect of the functioning of an organism that aids survival or reproduction"]
[null,null,"pitch"," property of a sound that is related to its frequency"]
[null,null,"plane"," flat two-dimensional surface"]
[null,null,"plane mirror"," mirror with a flat surface"]
[null,null,"planet"," large body orbiting around a star, e.g. Planet Earth"]
[null,null,"planisphere"," object used to locate and identify stars in the night sky"]
[null,null,"plumule"," structure that develops into the first shoot of a plant"]
[null,null,"pole"," imaginary point at top and bottom of a planet, lying along the axis of rotation"]
[null,null,"pollen"," tiny objects produced by flowers that contain sperm"]
[null,null,"pollen tube"," tube that grows from a pollen grain down into a flower to reach an egg"]
[null,null,"pollinating agent"," agent that transfers pollen, e.g. wind, insects"]
[null,null,"pollination"," transfer of pollen from the male to the female organs of flowers"]
[null,null,"pop-test"," test for hydrogen gas, sharp popping noise is heard"]
[null,null,"potential energy"," energy stored in an object due to its location or nature"]
[null,null,"primary light colours"," lights that cannot be made by mixing together other coloured lights; red, green and blue light"]
[null,null,"prism"," triangular block of glass"]
[null,null,"producer"," organism able to capture light energy and make its own food, e.g. plant"]
[null,null,"product"," substance formed in a chemical reaction"]
[null,null,"protein"," type of food necessary for repair and growth"]
[null,null,"proton"," positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,null,"protoplanet"," early stage in the formation of a planet"]
[null,null,"pure substance"," substance that contains one type of chemical only"]
[null,null,"radiant energy"," energy that travels as waves at the speed of light"]
[null,null,"radiation"," form of energy that travels as electromagnetic waves"]
[null,null,"radicle"," part of a seed that develops into the first root of the plant"]
[null,null,"radio telescope"," instrument used to detect radio waves coming from outer space"]
[null,null,"rainbow"," caused by raindrops dispersing sunlight into the visible  spectrum"]
[null,null,"reactant"," substance that is used up in a reaction"]
[null,null,"reaction"," process in which new chemicals are formed"]
[null,null,"reactivity"," how strongly a chemical reacts with others"]
[null,null,"real image"," occurs when light rays actually pass through the point where the image is"]
[null,null,"reflected ray"," light ray that bounces off the surface of a mirror or off water"]
[null,null,"reflection"," occurs when light rays bounce off the surface of a mirror or water"]
[null,null,"refracted ray"," light ray after it has entered a new medium"]
[null,null,"refraction"," change in the direction of a light ray as it enters a new medium"]
[null,null,"relative density"," density of a substance compared to that of water"]
[null,null,"reproduction"," producing offspring (new organisms)"]
[null,null,"respiration"," process of releasing energy from food that occurs in all organisms"]
[null,null,"root hairs"," fine hair-like projections of roots that absorb water from the soil"]
[null,null,"rotation period"," time for an object to complete one rotation"]
[null,null,"satellite"," object that orbits around a larger body such as a planet"]
[null,null,"saturated solution"," solution in which no more solid will dissolve"]
[null,null,"sea waves"," surface waves created by the wind"]
[null,null,"secondary light colours"," light colours that can be made by mixing together primary colours"]
[null,null,"seed"," consists of an embryo plant and food supplies packaged inside a coat"]
[null,null,"segment"," repeated unit forming the body of an organism"]
[null,null,"self-pollination"," occurs when a flower pollinates itself"]
[null,null,"sensitivity"," ability to detect and respond to environmental changes"]
[null,null,"sexual reproduction"," reproduction involving two parents; the offspring are different from the parents and from each other"]
[null,null,"shadow"," area where no light rays reach"]
[null,null,"similarities and trends"]
[null,null,"solar eclipse"," occurs when the Moon moves directly between the Sun and Earth"]
[null,null,"Solar System"," Sun and the planets that orbit it as well as their moons"]
[null,null,"solar system model"," model of the atom in which electrons"]
[null,null,"solid"," state of matter that has a fixed shape and volume"]
[null,null,"solubility"," describes how much solid will dissolve in a liquid"]
[null,null,"solubility curve"," shows the amount of solid that will dissolve ina liquid at different temperatures"]
[null,null,"solute"," solid that dissolves into a liquid"]
[null,null,"solution"," occurs when a solid has dissolved in a liquid"]
[null,null,"solvent"," liquid in which a solid dissolves"]
[null,null,"sound energy"," type of energy involving waves in the air that have been produced by vibrating objects"]
[null,null,"sound source"," object that vibrates creating sound waves"]
[null,null,"sound waves"," compressions and expansions of air created by a vibrating  object"]
[null,null,"space-filling model"," model of the atom in which the atom is considered to act as a solid ball"]
[null,null,"species"," group of similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring"]
[null,null,"species name"," unique two-word name for members of a species"]
[null,null,"spectrum"," all the colours of the rainbow that make up sunlight"]
[null,null,"speed"," how fast an object or wave is travelling at"]
[null,null,"speed of light"," the speed at which light waves travel through a particular  medium"]
[null,null,"speed of sound"," speed at which sound travels through a particular medium"]
[null,null,"sperm"," very small, highly mobile male sex cells"]
[null,null,"sphere"," solid ball or globe"]
[null,null,"spongy layer"," layer of cells inside a leaf that allows gases to circulate"]
[null,null,"spores"," tiny reproductive cells of ferns that travel in the wind reactions"]
[null,null,"stamens"," part of the flower that makes pollen grains"]
[null,null,"star"," huge ball of extremely hot gases undergoing nuclear"]
[null,null,"star life cycle"," stages that a star passes through from its formation through to its extinction"]
[null,null,"starch"," long-chain food molecules that provide energy"]
[null,null,"state of matter"," either solid, liquid or gas"]
[null,null,"steam"," gas formed when water boils"]
[null,null,"steam point"," temperature of steam above boiling water"]
[null,null,"stigma"," tip of the female sex organ of a flower which receives the pollen grains"]
[null,null,"stomata"," tiny pores in the underside of leaves that let gases inand out"]
[null,null,"stored energy"," another name for potential energy"]
[null,null,"stratosphere"," layer of the atmosphere containing ozone gas which absorbs dangerous ultraviolet radiation"]
[null,null,"structural adaptation"," part of an organism that helps it to survive or reproduce"]
[null,null,"style"," stalk that holds up the stigma of a flower"]
[null,null,"sub-atomic particles"," particles that make up atoms, such as electrons, protons and neutrons"]
[null,null,"sublimation"," direct change from the solid to the gas state"]
[null,null,"supernova"," huge explosion that occurs at the end of a very large star’s life"]
[null,null,"surface waves"," waves that travel over the surface of a medium only"]
[null,null,"temperature"," measure of how much thermal energy an object has"]
[null,null,"terrestrial organism"," organism that lives on land"]
[null,null,"testa"," protective coat of a seed"]
[null,null,"thermal"," another word for ‘heat’"]
[null,null,"thermal conductor"," good conductor of thermal energy"]
[null,null,"thermal energy"," form of energy that causes a rise in temperature or a change of state"]
[null,null,"thermal insulator"," poor conductor of thermal energy"]
[null,null,"thermometer"," instrument used for measuring temperature"]
[null,null,"thigmotropism"," curving growth of stems in response to touch"]
[null,null,"tides"," rise and fall of the sea in response to Earth’s rotation and the Moon’s gravity"]
[null,null,"tissue"," group of similar cells in an organism"]
[null,null,"total internal reflection"," occurs when light is completely trapped within a medium such as glass"]
[null,null,"transparent medium"," medium that does not trap light rays"]
[null,null,"transpiration"," evaporation of water from leaves"]
[null,null,"transpiration pull"," lifting of water up the stem or trunk of a plant, caused by evaporation from the leaves"]
[null,null,"transverse waves"," disturbance caused by the wave is perpendicular to the wave’s direction"]
[null,null,"tropism"," growth of a plant in response to an environmental cue, e.g. direction of light"]
[null,null,"troposphere"," lower layer of the atmosphere containing the gases that organisms need"]
[null,null,"troughs"," low points of a sea wave"]
[null,null,"ultra-violet waves"," electromagnetic waves of shorter wavelength than light waves"]
[null,null,"umbra"," area of total shadow"]
[null,null,"unicellular organism"," organism made of one cell only"]
[null,null,"universe"," all that exists in space"]
[null,null,"useful energy"," energy used for the purpose of the appliance"]
[null,null,"vacuole"," storage area in the cells of an organism"]
[null,null,"vacuum"," space that is completely empty of gases"]
[null,null,"vein"," very fine tubes inside plant leaves that are involved in conducting water, mineral and sugars"]
[null,null,"virtual image"," occurs when light rays don’t pass through the point where the image is located"]
[null,null,"visible spectrum"," range of colours visible to the human eye"]
[null,null,"volume"," amount of space a substance or object occupies"]
[null,null,"waste energy"," energy that is not used by an appliance"]
[null,null,"water vapour"," gas formed when water evaporates"]
[null,null,"watt"," unit of power"]
[null,null,"wave cycle"," from the arrival of one crest (or compression) through to the arrival of the next"]
[null,null,"wave speed"," how fast waves are travelling past a fixed object"]
[null,null,"wavelength"," distance between two neighbouring crests or compressions"]
[null,null,"waves"," way in which energy can be transferred without any matter being moved"]
[null,null,"white light"," formed from a mixture of different-coloured lights"]
[null,null,"word equation"," chemical reaction written out in word form"]
[null,null,"xylem vessels"," fine tubes that transport water upwards inside the stem or trunk of a plant"]
[null,null,"zygote"," first cell of a new organism, formed when the egg and sperm fuse at fertilisation"]

{"sheet":"Yr10","index":3,"n_rows":505,"n_cols":4,"rows_kept":505,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[]
[null,null,"absorption of food"," moving food molecules from the gut to the blood "]
[null,null,"acceleration, a"," increase in speed of an object "]
[null,null,"acid"," chemical that releases hydrogen ions when in solution "]
[null,null,"acid particles"," particles that an acid releases when in solution; hydrogen (H+) ions "]
[null,null,"acidic properties"," properties of a family of chemicals called acids "]
[null,null,"acidic rain"," rain that is more acidic than normal "]
[null,null,"acidic solution"," solution with an excess of acid particles (hydrogen ions, H+) "]
[null,null,"acidity"," strength of an acidic solution "]
[null,null,"action-reaction"," every action force creates an equal and opposite reaction force "]
[null,null,"adaptation"," feature that enables an organism to survive and reproduce "]
[null,null,"aerobic respiration"," type of respiration that occurs when oxygen is abundant "]
[null,null,"alkali"," a base that will dissolve in water  "]
[null,null,"alkaline solution"," solution with a pH above 7  "]
[null,null,"alkalinity"," strength of an alkaline solution  "]
[null,null,"alloy"," mixture of a metal and other chemicals "]
[null,null,"alloying"," mixing other chemicals into a molten metal  "]
[null,null,"alternating current"," current that keeps changing direction  "]
[null,null,"alveoli"," tiny air bags in lungs where gas exchange occurs  "]
[null,null,"amino acid"," small molecules that proteins are made out of  "]
[null,null,"ammeter"," meter used to measure size of a current "]
[null,null,"ampere or amp (A)"," unit of current "]
[null,null,"amplitude"," maximum height of the line on a seismograph above the mid-line "]
[null,null,"anaerobic respiration"," type of respiration that occurs in a shortage of oxygen "]
[null,null,"antacid"," chemical that counters the effect of an acid "]
[null,null,"anus"," opening through which indigestible material is disposed of from the gut "]
[null,null,"artery"," tube that carries blood away from the heart "]
[null,null,"atmosphere"," layers of gas surrounding a planet "]
[null,null,"atomic number"," number of protons in the nucleus of an atom "]
[null,null,"atoms"," extremely small particles that all matter is made of "]
[null,null,"auditory nerve"," nerve that sends impulses from the ear to the brain "]
[null,null,"average speed, vav"," mean speed over a journey "]
[null,null,"balance"," instrument for finding the mass of an object or substance "]
[null,null,"balanced forces"," equal and opposite forces "]
[null,null,"balancing equations"," ensuring that each side of a chemical equation has a balanced number of each type of atom "]
[null,null,"ball and socket joint"," joint that allows a limb to move freely in most directions "]
[null,null,"basalt lava"," lava that is formed from melted mantle rock  "]
[null,null,"base"," chemical that removes acid particles from a solution  "]
[null,null,"basic solution"," solution that has a pH in excess of 7  "]
[null,null,"behavioural adaptation"," activity of an organism that aids survival or reproduction "]
[null,null,"biotic factor"," another species that affects a particular species in its habitat "]
[null,null,"blow moulding"," soft plastic expanded in a mould using air pressure "]
[null,null,"bond (chemical)"," force of attraction between atoms that holds atoms together "]
[null,null,"bone marrow"," tissue inside bones that produces red blood cells "]
[null,null,"bones"," rigid components of the support system of vertebrate  animals "]
[null,null,"brain"," control centre of the nervous system "]
[null,null,"brain stem"," part of brain that controls automatic activities "]
[null,null,"bronchus"," tube that runs from the trachea to a lung "]
[null,null,"canine teeth"," pointed teeth used to grasp and tear food  "]
[null,null,"capillary"," fine network of blood vessels running past cells  "]
[null,null,"carbohydrate"," food type consisting of sugars and starches  "]
[null,null,"carbon compound"," compound with carbon atoms bonded to each other and other types of atoms "]
[null,null,"carbon cycle"," transfer of carbon atoms through living communities followed by its recycling through the environment "]
[null,null,"carbon dioxide test"," the gas turns clear limewater milky "]
[null,null,"carbonates"," compounds that release carbon dioxide gas when put in an acidic solution "]
[null,null,"carnivore"," animal species that eats animals only "]
[null,null,"cartilage"," non-stick substance found where bones rub against each other "]
[null,null,"cell division"," division of a single cell into two after its genetic information has been duplicated "]
[null,null,"cells"," building blocks of organisms "]
[null,null,"cerebellum"," part of the brain that ensures movements are coordinated "]
[null,null,"cerebral cortex"," part of the brain concerned with thinking "]
[null,null,"charge"," either positive or negative "]
[null,null,"charge separation"," transfer of charged particles from one conductor to another, often done by rubbing "]
[null,null,"charged particles"," particles that have an electrical charge, either positive or negative "]
[null,null,"chemical cycle"," recycling of chemical elements from the living community to the physical environment and back again "]
[null,null,"chemical digestion"," breakdown of large food molecules into smaller soluble ones by enzymes in the gut "]
[null,null,"chemical energy"," energy stored in the bonds between atoms "]
[null,null,"chemical property"," property related to the reactions a substance  undergoes "]
[null,null,"chemical reaction"," occurs when new substances are formed "]
[null,null,"chemical symbols"," unique shorthand codes for each type of atom/element "]
[null,null,"chemical weathering"," breakdown of rocks through chemical  reactions "]
[null,null,"chromosome"," structure found in the cell nucleus that carries the genes "]
[null,null,"circuit"," a complete conducting pathway "]
[null,null,"circuit diagram"," simple way of drawing electrical circuits "]
[null,null,"circulation"," transportation of substances around body of an organism "]
[null,null,"circulatory system"," system of the body which transports food, oxygen, hormones, heat and wastes around the body "]
[null,null,"climate change"," changes to the climate caused by increasing levels of ‘greenhouse’ gases in the atmosphere "]
[null,null,"cochlea"," coiled tube in the inner ear that converts sound energy into electrical impulses "]
[null,null,"combustion"," rapid oxidation of a substance, giving off heat and light "]
[null,null,"commensalism"," where one species assists another for no return "]
[null,null,"community"," all the different species living in a particular location "]
[null,null,"compass"," object with a magnetised needle that is free to rotate "]
[null,null,"competition"," occurs when two species living in the same area require the same resource "]
[null,null,"complete combustion"," when a substance is burnt in an abundance of oxygen "]
[null,null,"component"," object in an electrical circuit "]
[null,null,"compound"," chemical made out of different types of atoms that are bonded together "]
[null,null,"compression"," squashing an object "]
[null,null,"conductor"," object that allows a current or heat to flow through it "]
[null,null,"constant speed"," travelling at same speed "]
[null,null,"consumer"," animal species that eats other organisms for food "]
[null,null,"contact force"," object generating the force must touch the object being acted on "]
[null,null,"continental crust"," less dense crust that continents are formed out of "]
[null,null,"continental drift"," theory that continents plough through the sea floor "]
[null,null,"convection current"," bulk movement in a liquid or gas due to heating "]
[null,null,"convergent boundary"," plate boundary where plates are colliding in very slow motion, crust may be forced down towards the mantle "]
[null,null,"cooperation"," occurs when individual organisms or species interact to their mutual benefit "]
[null,null,"coordination"," processing of sensory information and integrating the responses "]
[null,null,"core, Earth’s"," intensely hot, central region of the planet "]
[null,null,"cornea"," transparent outer layer of the eye "]
[null,null,"corrosion"," metal surfaces react when exposed to air   "]
[null,null,"crust"," thin, semi-rigid, brittle outer surface of Planet Earth  "]
[null,null,"current controller"," a component that determines the size of a current "]
[null,null,"current electricity"," flow of electrons around a conducting pathway "]
[null,null,"current, I"," flow of charged particles (electrons) around a conducting  pathway "]
[null,null,"deceleration"," decrease in the speed of an object "]
[null,null,"decomposers"," bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms "]
[null,null,"density"," mass of a standard volume of a substance "]
[null,null,"deoygenated blood"," dark-red blood which has very low levels of oxygen "]
[null,null,"diaphragm"," muscular sheet that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen "]
[null,null,"diffusion"," movement of molecules from high to low concentration  zones "]
[null,null,"digestion"," process of breaking large molecules down into small absorbable ones "]
[null,null,"digestive system"," system of the body which is involved in taking in food (ingestion), breaking it down (digestion), and then absorbing it into the blood system "]
[null,null,"diode"," device that lets current travel in one direction only "]
[null,null,"direct current"," electrical current that travels in one direction only "]
[null,null,"disinfectant"," chemical that kills micro-organisms  "]
[null,null,"dissolving"," occurs when a solid disappears into a liquid  "]
[null,null,"Distance- time graph","graph of distance travelled plotted against time taken "]
[null,null,"distance, d"," how far an object has travelled  "]
[null,null,"divergent boundary"," boundary where plates are moving apart, resulting in the formation of new crust in between "]
[null,null,"dormant volcano"," inactive volcano "]
[null,null,"drag"," friction created when a solid passes through air or water "]
[null,null,"ductile"," able to be stretched into a new shape "]
[null,null,"dynamo"," another name for an electrical generator "]
[null,null,"eardrum"," tough membrane at the end of the ear hole which vibrates when sound waves strike it "]
[null,null,"earthquake"," shaking of the ground caused by the sudden movement of block of crust along a fault line "]
[null,null,"earthquake waves"," distinct movements of the ground as shock waves from a fracture in the crust pass by "]
[null,null,"ecology"," study of the relationships amongst species and with the environment "]
[null,null,"ecosystem"," community interacting with its physical environment "]
[null,null,"effort force, E"," force applied to a lever "]
[null,null,"egg"," female gamete (sex cell); larger than the male gamete and immobile "]
[null,null,"ejaculation"," spurting of semen from the penis "]
[null,null,"elastic potential energy"," energy stored in compressed or stretched objects "]
[null,null,"electric motor"," device that converts electrical energy into kinetic energy "]
[null,null,"electrical charge"," either positive or negative "]
[null,null,"electrical conductor"," object that allows a current to pass "]
[null,null,"electrical current"," flow of charged particles through a conductor "]
[null,null,"electrical energy"," energy associated with the movement of charged particles "]
[null,null,"electrical force field"," field created when electrical charges are separated "]
[null,null,"electrical impulse"," wave of electrical energy that travels along a neurone "]
[null,null,"electrical insulator"," substance that does not allow electrical current to pass through it "]
[null,null,"electrically neutral"," neither positively nor negatively charged "]
[null,null,"electricity"," form of energy that can travel along conductors "]
[null,null,"electromagnet"," current-carrying coil wrapped around an iron bar "]
[null,null,"electromagnetic effect"," magnetic field created by a current in a conductor "]
[null,null,"electromagnetic induction"," making electricity by moving a wire near a magnet "]
[null,null,"electromagnetic waves"," self-sustaining electrical and magnetic ripples that travel extremely fast "]
[null,null,"electromagnetism"," magnetic effect associated with an electrical current "]
[null,null,"electron shell/ energy shell"," space around the atomic nucleus in which electrons with a particular amount of energy exist "]
[null,null,"electrons"," negatively charged particles that move rapidly about the nucleus of the atom "]
[null,null,"element"," pure substance formed out of only one type of atom "]
[null,null,"embryo"," early multicellular stage in the growth and development of an organism "]
[null,null,"energy budget"," how energy is allocated within a system "]
[null,null,"energy flow"," one-directional movement of energy through an ecosystem "]
[null,null,"energy supplier"," component such as a battery or power pack that supplies a voltage gain "]
[null,null,"energy user"," object that converts electrical energy into other forms of energy "]
[null,null,"energy, E"," something that is required to move or change things "]
[null,null,"environmental reservoir"," component of the physical environment in which large amounts of an essential element for living communities are stored "]
[null,null,"enzyme"," biological chemical that speeds up a chemical reaction "]
[null,null,"epicentre"," point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake "]
[null,null,"erection"," occurs when the penis fills with blood and becomes stiff and erect "]
[null,null,"erosion cycle"," break-up, transport and deposition of rock material "]
[null,null,"eruption"," release of lava, ash and gas from a volcanic vent  "]
[null,null,"evaporation"," removal of water from a solution by heating  "]
[null,null,"excretion"," removal and disposal of wastes from the blood  "]
[null,null,"extrusion moulding"," soft, heated plastic is forced out in a continuous shape "]
[null,null,"eye"," sense organ that detects light and colour "]
[null,null,"fatty acid"," small molecules that fats and oils (lipids) are made out of "]
[null,null,"fault line"," plane along which blocks of the crust slip past each other "]
[null,null,"feeding role"," how a species obtains its food within a community "]
[null,null,"female reproductive system"," system of the female’s body which produce eggs, receives sperm and nurtures the growing embryo "]
[null,null,"fertilisation"," entry of a sperm cell into an egg cell "]
[null,null,"focus"," underground location of the fracture in the crust that causes an earthquake "]
[null,null,"food"," materials consumed in order to supply the body with energy for activities and chemicals for growth "]
[null,null,"food chain"," series of species showing who eats whom "]
[null,null,"food molecules"," chemicals such as starches, sugars, fats, oils and proteins "]
[null,null,"food web"," all the feeding connections amongst the species living in a community "]
[null,null,"force field"," region in which an electrical, magnetic or gravitational force has an effect "]
[null,null,"force meter"," meter used to measure the size of a force  "]
[null,null,"force of gravity"," attractive force associated with matter  "]
[null,null,"force, F"," either a push or a pull "]
[null,null,"formula"," mathematical expression of the relationship between different variables (quantities) "]
[null,null,"formula equation"," chemical equation described using chemical symbols "]
[null,null,"fossil"," transformed remains (or an impression in rock) of an organism that lived a long time ago "]
[null,null,"fossil fuel"," fuel that is formed from the remains of ancient organisms "]
[null,null,"fracture"," a sudden break in the crust caused by stress forces "]
[null,null,"free electrons"," outer shell electrons of metal atoms that are free to move from atom to atom "]
[null,null,"friction"," force that arises when objects or substances rub together "]
[null,null,"fuel"," substance that is burnt to release thermal energy "]
[null,null,"fulcrum"," a fixed point around which an object can be rotated "]
[null,null,"fuse"," a thin wire that melts if a current is too large "]
[null,null,"g"," acceleration caused by the Earth’s mass (~10 m/s2) "]
[null,null,"galvanising"," coating a steel object with a thin layer of zinc, which prevents it from rusting "]
[null,null,"gametes"," reproductive cells with half the normal number of chromosomes "]
[null,null,"gamma rays"," high-energy electromagnetic waves produced by nuclear reactions in the Sun "]
[null,null,"gas exchange"," exchange of gases between an organism and its environment "]
[null,null,"gene"," inherited instruction that influences some feature of an organism "]
[null,null,"generator"," device that produces electricity "]
[null,null,"geologist"," scientist who studies the processes that shape the crust "]
[null,null,"geology"," study of processes that shape the crust  "]
[null,null,"geosphere"," solid surface of Planet Earth and its interior  "]
[null,null,"glacier"," huge, slowly moving body of ice "]
[null,null,"global warming"," increase in the average global surface temperature in response to increasing levels of ‘greenhouse’ gases in the atmosphere "]
[null,null,"gram (g)"," unit of mass "]
[null,null,"gravitational potential energy, Ep"," energy stored in a raised object "]
[null,null,"gravity"," force of attraction between bodies that have mass "]
[null,null,"grazing"," animals feeding on plants "]
[null,null,"greenhouse effect"," warming of Earth’s surface due to infra- red radiation being returned to the surface "]
[null,null,"greenhouse gases"," atmospheric gases that absorb then emit infra-red waves "]
[null,null,"gut"," see digestive system "]
[null,null,"habitat"," places where a species lives "]
[null,null,"haemoglobin"," chemical in the blood that transports oxygen molecules "]
[null,null,"heart"," organ that pumps blood around body "]
[null,null,"herbivore"," animal species that eats plants only "]
[null,null,"hinge joint"," type of joint that allows movement of part of a limb in one plane only "]
[null,null,"hormones"," chemical messengers made by different organs of the body, which travel in the blood "]
[null,null,"hydrogen gas test"," a lighted stick causes the gas to explode with a ‘pop’ "]
[null,null,"hydrogen ion"," a positively charged hydrogen atom "]
[null,null,"hydrosphere"," consists of interconnected oceans, lakes, rivers and bodies of ice "]
[null,null,"hydroxide"," chemical compound formed when metal ions bond to hydroxide ions "]
[null,null,"hydroxide ion"," ion released when an alkali dissolves in water "]
[null,null,"ignite"," set on fire "]
[null,null,"incisor teeth"," chisel-shaped teeth that are used to cut food "]
[null,null,"incomplete combustion"," when a substance burns in a limited supply of oxygen "]
[null,null,"indicator"," substance used to indicate whether a solution is acidic or alkaline "]
[null,null,"infection"," occurs when a micro-organism infects a plant or animal causing a disease or death "]
[null,null,"infra-red (IR) waves"," long wavelength, low-energy electromagnetic  waves "]
[null,null,"ingestion"," process of taking food into the digestive system "]
[null,null,"injection moulding"," soft, heated plastic is forced into a mould "]
[null,null,"insoluble"," does not dissolve in a particular liquid "]
[null,null,"instantaneous speed"," speed of an object at an instant of time "]
[null,null,"insulator"," object that does not allow electrical current to pass through it "]
[null,null,"interdependence"," relationship between two species that depend upon or are affected by each other in some way  "]
[null,null,"ion"," atom (or group of atoms) that has an overall electrical charge "]
[null,null,"ionosphere"," top layer of the atmosphere containing ions that absorb dangerous gamma rays "]
[null,null,"iris"," coloured muscular sheet that can contract or expand to alter the size of the pupil "]
[null,null,"joint"," site where bones are connected to each other allowing movement "]
[null,null,"joule (J)"," unit of energy "]
[null,null,"kidney"," organ that removes waste chemical from the blood "]
[null,null,"kilogram (kg)"," 1000 grams "]
[null,null,"kilometre (km)"," 1000 metres "]
[null,null,"kinetic energy, Ek"," energy possessed by moving objects "]
[null,null,"lactic acid"," chemical formed in muscles when they are short of oxygen "]
[null,null,"lahar"," flow of mud and melted ice from a volcanic vent "]
[null,null,"large intestine"," part of the digestive system which is involved in reabsorbing water from the contents of the gut "]
[null,null,"latitude"," distance north or south of the equator "]
[null,null,"lattice"," regular array of huge numbers of atoms or ions "]
[null,null,"lava"," liquid rock (magma) that flows from a volcanic vent "]
[null,null,"lava bomb"," blob of lava thrown out of a volcano into the air, which solidifies before it lands "]
[null,null,"law of energy conservation"," energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed from one type to another "]
[null,null,"law of magnetism"," unlike poles attract; like poles repel  "]
[null,null,"lens"," object inside the eye that focuses light onto the retina  "]
[null,null,"lever"," device that transforms a small force into a large one  "]
[null,null,"life history adaptation"," change in the form of an organism during its life cycle, which enables it to survive or reproduce more in its environment "]
[null,null,"life processes"," functions that all living organisms must carry out "]
[null,null,"ligament"," tough fibre that attaches bones to each other "]
[null,null,"light"," form of energy that illuminates objects/ that the eye is able to detect "]
[null,null,"light waves"," electromagnetic waves that our eyes are able to detect "]
[null,null,"limewater"," chemical used to test for carbon dioxide gas "]
[null,null,"lipid"," food type consisting of fats and oils "]
[null,null,"litmus"," chemical that turns pink when in an acidic solution "]
[null,null,"load force, L"," force that a lever applies to an object "]
[null,null,"lungs"," inflatable organs inside which gas exchange occurs "]
[null,null,"lustre"," shininess of a substance particularly metals "]
[null,null,"L-waves (Love waves)"," earthquake waves that cause the ground to roll "]
[null,null,"magma"," hot molten rock from inside the crust that occurs when tectonic plates collide "]
[null,null,"magma chamber"," space beneath a volcanic vent in which magma gathers before an eruption "]
[null,null,"magnet"," object that attracts iron, steel or nickel objects "]
[null,null,"magnetic force"," force associated with a magnet "]
[null,null,"magnetic force field"," area in which a magnet exerts a force "]
[null,null,"magnitude"," size of an object or wave "]
[null,null,"male reproductive system"," system of the male’s body which produces and transfers sperm into the female "]
[null,null,"malleable"," able to be bent or hammered into a new shape "]
[null,null,"mantle"," a massive layer of very hot rock beneath oceanic and continental crust "]
[null,null,"mass, m"," amount of matter in an object or substance "]
[null,null,"matter"," substance that all objects and substances are made out of "]
[null,null,"mechanical digestion"," breaking up food into smaller lumps by biting and chewing "]
[null,null,"melting point, mp"," distinct temperature at which a solid melts "]
[null,null,"menstrual cycle"," reproductive process inside women that includes ovulation and menstruation "]
[null,null,"menstrual period"," loss of the blood-lining from the uterus "]
[null,null,"Mercalli intensity scale"," scale used to assess damage caused by a quake "]
[null,null,"metal"," chemical element that is shiny, strong and bendable as well as being a good conductor of heat and electricity "]
[null,null,"metal hydroxide"," chemical compound in which metal atoms are bonded to hydroxide ions "]
[null,null,"meteorite"," rock from space that hits a planet’s or a moon’s surface "]
[null,null,"meter, m"," device used to measure a quantity "]
[null,null,"metre"," basic unit of length "]
[null,null,"micro-organisms"," bacteria and fungi that can be seen only under a microscope "]
[null,null,"mid-ocean ridge"," ridge running parallel to the seafloor boundary between two tectonic plates; region where new oceanic crust is being formed "]
[null,null,"mineral acid"," acid manufactured from a mineral "]
[null,null,"molar teeth"," flat-topped teeth used to grind food "]
[null,null,"molecule"," small group of atoms that are bonded together because they share electrons "]
[null,null,"monomers"," small molecules that are joined up to form polymers "]
[null,null,"motion"," changing position over time "]
[null,null,"motor effect"," force on a current-carrying wire held near a magnet "]
[null,null,"motor neurone"," nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses to a muscle "]
[null,null,"mountain building"," uplift and crumpling of Earth’s crust "]
[null,null,"muscle"," tissue that can contract to move organs "]
[null,null,"mutualism"," two species provide each other with different resources "]
[null,null,"natural polymers"," polymers made by living organisms  "]
[null,null,"negative ion"," atoms with more electrons than protons  "]
[null,null,"negative terminal"," terminal of a battery or power pack that has excess electrons "]
[null,null,"negatively charged"," an atom or object that has gained extra electrons "]
[null,null,"nephron"," filtering unit found inside a kidney "]
[null,null,"nerve"," collection of neurones (nerve cells) connecting the central nervous system to an organ "]
[null,null,"nervous system"," system of the body which includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves "]
[null,null,"net force"," combined effect of the forces acting on an object  "]
[null,null,"neurone"," long, thin cell that conducts electrical impulses  "]
[null,null,"neutral solution"," a solution that is neither acidic nor alkaline  "]
[null,null,"neutralise"," making the pH of a solution equal to 7 "]
[null,null,"neutrons"," uncharged particles found in the nucleus of an atom "]
[null,null,"newton (N)"," unit of force "]
[null,null,"Newton’s first law"," if forces are balanced then the motion of an object is constant "]
[null,null,"Newton’s second law"," an unbalanced force will cause a change in motion "]
[null,null,"Newton’s third law"," every action force creates an equal and opposite reaction force "]
[null,null,"niche"," description of the habitat, role and adaptations of a species "]
[null,null,"non-contact force"," object causing the force does not need to physically touch the object being acted on "]
[null,null,"non-metal"," chemical elements that are not metals "]
[null,null,"north pole"," pole of a magnet that is north-seeking "]
[null,null,"nuclear reaction"," reaction in which matter is transformed into energy "]
[null,null,"nucleus (atom)"," central area of atom containing protons and neutrons "]
[null,null,"nucleus (cell)"," region of a cell containing the chromosomes "]
[null,null,"nutrient recycling"," recycling of vital chemical elements through the physical environment back into the living community "]
[null,null,"nutrition"," process of acquiring, ingesting, digesting, absorbing and using food "]
[null,null,"oceanic crust"," sea-floor crust; crust formed along mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move slowly apart "]
[null,null,"odometer"," instrument used to measure kilometres travelled "]
[null,null,"oesophagus"," tube that transports chewed food from the mouth to the stomach "]
[null,null,"ohm (O)"," unit of electrical resistance "]
[null,null,"omnivore"," animal species that eats plants and other animals "]
[null,null,"optic nerve"," nerve that sends impulses from the eye to the brain "]
[null,null,"optimum pH"," pH at which a reaction or an enzyme works best "]
[null,null,"ore"," a compound of a metal, usually mined from the crust "]
[null,null,"organic acid"," acid containing carbon atoms "]
[null,null,"organism"," object that carries out all of the life processes  "]
[null,null,"ovary"," female organ that produces female gametes (eggs)  "]
[null,null,"oviduct"," tube that leads from an ovary to the uterus  "]
[null,null,"ovulation"," release of an egg from an ovary "]
[null,null,"oxidation"," occurs when oxygen combines chemically with another  substance "]
[null,null,"oxide"," chemical compound in which positive ions are bonded to oxide ions "]
[null,null,"oxygen cycle"," recycling of oxygen atoms through the physical environment back into the living community "]
[null,null,"oxygen gas test"," glowing stick placed in this gas relights "]
[null,null,"oxygenated blood"," bright red blood that has come from the lungs "]
[null,null,"pancreas"," gland that produces digestive enzymes and chemicals that neutralise the acidic liquid in the small intestine "]
[null,null,"parallel circuit"," electrical circuit in which there are two or more pathways "]
[null,null,"parasite"," species that lives in or on another species, feeding off it "]
[null,null,"parasitism"," relationship between a parasite and the living host that it feeds on "]
[null,null,"pectoral girdle"," attaches arms to the spinal column; formed out of the shoulder and collar bones "]
[null,null,"pelvic girdle"," attaches legs to the spinal column; pelvis "]
[null,null,"penis"," external male sex organ used to transfer sperm into a female and to urinate "]
[null,null,"peristalsis"," muscular contractions of the gut which force food through it "]
[null,null,"pH"," degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution "]
[null,null,"photosynthesis"," making food inside leaves using light and chemicals from the air and soil "]
[null,null,"physical environment"," non-living part of the environment of a species "]
[null,null,"physical factor"," condition in the habitat of a species such as light or temperature "]
[null,null,"physical property"," any property of a substance or object other than a chemical property "]
[null,null,"physical weathering"," breaking down of rocks by physical agents such as frost "]
[null,null,"physiological adaptation"," chemical process that aids the survival of a species "]
[null,null,"placenta"," organ belonging to the growing embryo that absorbs food and oxygen from the mother "]
[null,null,"planet"," large heavenly body that orbits a star such as the Sun "]
[null,null,"plankton"," microscopic plants and animals floating in water "]
[null,null,"plasma"," liquid part of blood "]
[null,null,"plastics"," carbon compounds that are flexible and can be readily shaped when heated "]
[null,null,"plate boundary"," where the edges of two tectonic plates meet "]
[null,null,"plate tectonics"," theory that the large plates forming Earth’s crust are in very slow motion "]
[null,null,"platelets"," objects that cause blood to clot when the skin is cut "]
[null,null,"pluton"," rock mass formed when magma solidifies beneath surface of Earth’s crust "]
[null,null,"pole"," area on a magnet where the magnetic force field is concentrated "]
[null,null,"polymer"," long-chain molecule formed out of many identical small molecules called monomers "]
[null,null,"polymerisation"," process of joining small molecules (monomers) into large chains (polymers) "]
[null,null,"population"," group of similar organisms living in the same place "]
[null,null,"positive ion"," atom or molecule with fewer electrons than protons "]
[null,null,"positive terminal"," terminal of a battery or power pack that has excess positive charge "]
[null,null,"positively charged"," atom or object that has a deficiency of electrons "]
[null,null,"potential energy"," energy that is stored in an object in some way "]
[null,null,"potentiometer"," variable resistor that has a rotating dial "]
[null,null,"power, P"," total amount of energy supplied or used per second "]
[null,null,"predation"," occurs when one animal species eats members of another "]
[null,null,"predator"," animal species that preys on another animal species "]
[null,null,"pressure"," force acting per unit area "]
[null,null,"primary waves"," see P-waves "]
[null,null,"producer"," species that is able to make its own food   "]
[null,null,"product"," new chemical formed in a chemical reaction  "]
[null,null,"prostate gland"," organ of the male reproductive system that helps to make semen "]
[null,null,"protein"," type of food molecule made of long chains of amino acids "]
[null,null,"proton"," positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom "]
[null,null,"puberty"," life stage at which reproductive organs mature and produce gametes (eggs or sperm) "]
[null,null,"pupil"," hole in the iris that allows light to enter the eyeball "]
[null,null,"quantity"," amount of something that can be measured "]
[null,null,"ratio"," how many objects of one sort compared with another "]
[null,null,"reactant"," chemical that is used up in a reaction "]
[null,null,"reaction"," occurs when existing chemicals are changed into new substances "]
[null,null,"reactivity series"," order of chemical reactivity, particularly of metals "]
[null,null,"rectum"," last section of the digestive system in which indigestible food is stored before being eliminated "]
[null,null,"red blood cells"," disc-shaped cells that transport oxygen molecules to the organs of the body "]
[null,null,"refine"," obtain a pure substance through a separation process "]
[null,null,"reflex arc"," automatic response of the body to a stimulus "]
[null,null,"relationship"," connection between two species in a community "]
[null,null,"relative density"," density of a substance compared with that of water "]
[null,null,"reproduction"," making new individuals "]
[null,null,"reproductive system"," system of the body involved in either making and transferring sperm (male) or making eggs and nurturing the growing embryo (female) "]
[null,null,"resistance"," property of a substance or component that makes it hard for electrons to pass through an object  "]
[null,null,"resistor"," component used to limit the current in a circuit "]
[null,null,"respiration"," cell process that releases energy from food "]
[null,null,"respiratory system"," system of the body involved in absorbing oxygen from the environment, making it available for respiration in body organs, and removing carbon dioxide from the body "]
[null,null,"retina"," part of eye that converts light energy into electrical impulses "]
[null,null,"rheostat"," variable resistor consisting of a large coil of resistance wire and a slider "]
[null,null,"Richter scale"," scale used to assess the magnitude of an earthquake "]
[null,null,"Ring of Fire"," ‘circle’ of volcanoes that encircle much of the rim of the Pacific Ocean "]
[null,null,"rusting"," corrosion of iron when exposed to moist air "]
[null,null,"salinity"," saltiness of water "]
[null,null,"saliva"," liquid produced by the salivary glands that lubricates and digests food "]
[null,null,"salt"," compound formed when a metal reacts with an acid "]
[null,null,"saprophytism"," occurs when a species feeds on dead organisms "]
[null,null,"scientific formula"," equation that links several quantities "]
[null,null,"scrotum"," bag of skin between the legs that holds a male’s testicles "]
[null,null,"second (s)"," basic unit of time "]
[null,null,"sediment"," fine pieces of solid material that settle out from the water at the bottom of a sea or lake "]
[null,null,"seesaw-type lever"," effort and load forces act on opposite sides of the fulcrum "]
[null,null,"seismic activity"," shaking of the ground caused by slippage of blocks of the crust past each other "]
[null,null,"seismogram"," graph drawn by a seismograph "]
[null,null,"seismograph"," instrument used to measure the movements caused by earthquakes "]
[null,null,"semen"," white liquid containing sperm that is ejaculated from the penis "]
[null,null,"semicircular canals"," organ attached to the inner ear that helps us to maintain our balance "]
[null,null,"sensory neurone"," nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses from a sense organ to brain "]
[null,null,"series circuit"," circuit in which all components are located in a single pathway "]
[null,null,"serum"," liquid part of the blood without its cells "]
[null,null,"sexual intercourse"," act of placing the penis inside the vagina and moving it in and out until orgasm occurs "]
[null,null,"skeletal muscles"," muscles that are used to move limbs and the whole body "]
[null,null,"skeleton"," framework of bones that provide support for the body and allow motion "]
[null,null,"slope"," steepness of a graph line "]
[null,null,"small intestine"," part of the gut that is involved in digesting a wide variety of food types and in absorbing the soluble molecules that result "]
[null,null,"smelting"," extracting a metal from its ore "]
[null,null,"solar radiation"," radiation that comes from the Sun and which bathes Planet Earth "]
[null,null,"solenoid"," tightly wound coil of wire "]
[null,null,"soluble"," able to be dissolved "]
[null,null,"solution"," result when a solid is dissolved in a liquid "]
[null,null,"sound"," form of energy associated with vibrating air molecules "]
[null,null,"sound waves"," waves that alternately compress and expand air molecules as they pass "]
[null,null,"species"," group of similar organisms capable of successfully interbreeding "]
[null,null,"speed, v"," how fast an object is travelling; its velocity"]
[null,null,"speedometer","instrument for measuring speed"]
[null,null,"sperm"," male gametes (sex cells) "]
[null,null,"spinal column"," backbone made of vertebrae stacked in a column "]
[null,null,"spinal cord"," band of nerve tissue that runs through the spinal column "]
[null,null,"starch"," long chains of joined up sugar molecules; used to store energy "]
[null,null,"state of matter"," either solid, liquid or gas "]
[null,null,"stimulus"," change in environment detected by a sense organ "]
[null,null,"stomach"," part of the digestive system involved in digesting protein food in an acidic environment "]
[null,null,"strain forces"," forces that compress, stretch or distort a substance or object "]
[null,null,"stratosphere"," middle layer of atmosphere that absorbs ultra-violet  radiation "]
[null,null,"structural adaptation"," physical feature of members of a species that aids survival and/or reproduction "]
[null,null,"subduction zone"," area parallel to a convergent boundary where the oceanic plate is being forced under the continental one "]
[null,null,"sugars"," small, sweet-tasting food molecules that are the immediate source of energy for cells "]
[null,null,"support system"," system of the body which gives it a firm shape and enables it to move "]
[null,null,"synthetic polymer"," polymer made in a factory "]
[null,null,"tarnishing"," slow surface reaction of an exposed metal with air "]
[null,null,"tectonic plate"," huge area of the crust that moves or rotates as a whole "]
[null,null,"tendon"," tough fibre that attaches muscle to bone  "]
[null,null,"terminal"," connection on an electrical component   "]
[null,null,"testicle"," male organ that produces male gametes (sperm)  "]
[null,null,"thermal conductor"," object that transfers ‘heat’ rapidly  "]
[null,null,"thermal energy"," form of energy that causes a rise in the temperature or a change of state of a substance; formerly called ‘heat energy’ "]
[null,null,"thermal insulator"," substance that does not conduct ‘heat’ "]
[null,null,"time, t"," how long a journey takes "]
[null,null,"torque"," ability of a force to rotate an object around a fulcrum (fixed point) "]
[null,null,"trachea"," tube that runs from the mouth down to the lungs "]
[null,null,"transform boundary"," a plate boundary where two plates of the crust are sliding sideways past each other "]
[null,null,"trophic level"," feeding level of a species within a community "]
[null,null,"troposphere"," bottom layer of the atmosphere in which we exist "]
[null,null,"turning force"," force that can make a fixed object rotate "]
[null,null,"ultra-violet waves (UV)"," short-wavelength, high-energy electromagnetic  waves "]
[null,null,"umbilical cord"," cord that connects the body of the growing embryo with the placenta "]
[null,null,"uncharged particle"," atom or molecule with neither a positive nor negative charge; also a neutron "]
[null,null,"unit"," what a variable or quantity is measured in "]
[null,null,"universal indicator"," chemical used to indicate the pH of a solution "]
[null,null,"universal joint"," type of joint found in the wrist and ankle which allows a wide range of movements "]
[null,null,"ureter"," tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder "]
[null,null,"urethra"," tube that releases urine from the bladder "]
[null,null,"urine"," liquid filtered out of blood by the kidneys "]
[null,null,"uterus"," organ inside a female mammal’s body where the embryo develops "]
[null,null,"vagina"," female organ that receives the male’s penis during intercourse; passage that allows the baby to leave the uterus and be born between the woman’s legs "]
[null,null,"valve"," flap that allows blood to flow in one direction only "]
[null,null,"variable"," quantity whose value can change "]
[null,null,"vein"," tube that brings blood back to the heart "]
[null,null,"vent"," opening of a volcano from which lava flows and gases and ash escape "]
[null,null,"vertebra"," one of the bones that make up the backbone "]
[null,null,"villi"," tiny, finger-like projections of the small intestine’s inner wall that absorb soluble food molecules "]
[null,null,"viscosity"," resistance of a liquid to flowing "]
[null,null,"volcano"," mound with a vent through which lava flows and/ or gases and ash escapes "]
[null,null,"volt (V)"," unit of voltage gain or loss "]
[null,null,"voltage gain"," refers to the electrical energy supplied to a circuit by the power supply "]
[null,null,"voltage loss"," refers to the electrical energy used by a component of a circuit "]
[null,null,"voltage supply"," battery, power pack or mains electricity  "]
[null,null,"voltage, V"," electrical energy gained or lost by the current "]
[null,null,"voltmeter"," meter used to measure voltage gain or loss  "]
[null,null,"volume"," amount of space an object or substance occupies "]
[null,null,"watt (W)"," unit of power "]
[null,null,"wattage"," amount of energy used or produced per second  "]
[null,null,"wavelength"," distance between adjacent wave crests  "]
[null,null,"waves"," disturbances that transfer energy but not matter  "]
[null,null,"waves (primary waves)"," earthquake waves that compress and stretch the ground "]
[null,null,"waves (secondary waves)"," waves that shake the ground up and down as well as sideways "]
[null,null,"weight"," force of gravity acting on an object "]
[null,null,"wheelbarrow-type lever"," effort and load force act on the same side of the fulcrum "]
[null,null,"white blood cells"," variety of cells types involved in fighting diseases "]
[null,null,"work done"," energy required to make an object move "]
[null,null,"zygote"," first cell of a new organism, formed when the egg and sperm fuse at fertilisation "]

{"sheet":"PHY2","index":4,"n_rows":286,"n_cols":5,"rows_kept":286,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Absorber","Material that prevent radioactive emission from passing through it"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Accelerate","When something changes its velocity"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Acceleration","The rate of change of velocity of a moving object is called its acceleration. The SI units of acceleration are ms-². By definition, this change in velocity can result from a change in speed, a change in direction, or a combination of changes in speed and direction"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Acceleration due to gravity","The acceleration produced in a body due to the earth's attraction is called acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by the letter g. On the surface of the earth, its average value is 9.8 ms-². The value of g on the surface of the earth increases in going towards the poles from the equator. The acceleration due to gravity of the earth decreases with altitude and with depth inside the earth. The value of g at the center of the earth is zero."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Alpha emission","Release of alpha particle from unstable nucleus(a 2+ helium ion or a helium nucleus)"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Alpha particle","The nucleus of a helium atom (two protons and two neutrons) emitted as radiation from a decaying heavy nucleus; also known as an alpha ray"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Amplitude (of waves)","The maximum displacement of particles of the medium from their mean positions during the propagation of a wave is called the amplitude of the wave."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Angle of incidence","Angle of an incident (arriving) ray or particle to a surface; measured from a line perpendicular to the surface (the normal)"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Angle of reflection","Angle of a reflected ray or particle from a surface; measured from a line perpendicular to the surface (the normal)"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Atom","The smallest unit of an element that can exist alone or in combination with other elements"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Atomic mass unit","Relative mass unit (u) of an isotope based on the standard of the carbon-12 isotope, which is defined as a mass of exactly 12.00 u; one atomic mass unit (I u) is 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Atomic number","The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Atomic structure","Atoms are made up of 3 types of particles electrons, protons and neutrons. These particles have different properties. Electrons are tiny, very light particles that have a negative electrical charge (-). Protons are much larger and heavier than electrons and have the opposite charge, protons have a positive charge. Neutrons are large and heavy like protons; however neutrons have no electrical charge. Each atom is made up of a combination of these particles."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Atomic Weight","Weighted average of the masses of stable isotopes of an element as they occur in nature, based on the abundance of each isotope of the element and the atomic mass of the isotope compared to carbon-12"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Attraction of Electric Charges","Unlike charges give negative potential energy (attractive force). Unlike charges attract one another."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Average velocity","Total displacement divided by the total time taken"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Avogadro's Number","The number of carbon-12 atoms in exactly 12.00 g of C that is 6.02 x 10^23 atoms or other chemical units. It is the number of chemical units in one mole of a substance"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Axis","The imaginary line about which a planet or other object rotates"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Background radiation","The nuclear radiation that arises naturally from cosmic rays and from radioactive isotopes in the soil and air"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Balanced Forces","When a number of forces act on a body, and the resultant force is zero, then the forces are said to be resultant forces."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Becquerel","The rate of disintegration of a radioactive substance; one disintegration per second."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Beta emission","When a beta particle (electron like particle) is ejected from the nucleus; this release causes a neutron to convert into a proton; therefore, Z number increases by 1, A number remains the same; also results in element changing from one type to another"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Beta particle","High-energy electron emitted as ionizing radiation from a decaying nucleus; also known as a beta ray"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Cathode rays","Negatively charged particles (electrons) that are emitted from a negative terminal in an evacuated glass tube"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Cell mutation","A change in the function of a living cell, sometimes caused by ionizing radiation."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Centrifugal force","An apparent outward force on an object following a circular path that. This force is a consequence of the third law of motion"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Chain reaction","A self-sustaining reaction where some of the products are able to produce more reactions of the same kind; in a nuclear chain reaction neutrons are the products that produce more nuclear reactions in a self-sustaining series"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Charging by Conduction","Charging an object by allowing it to come into contact with an object that already has an electrical charge"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Charging by Friction","Two objects rub together and one becomes positively charged and the other becomes negatively charged"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Charging by Induction","Charging an object without direct contact between the object and a charge (proximity to nearby object charges neutral object)"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Circular Motion","The motion of a body along a circular path is called circular motion."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Compression","A part of a longitudinal wave in which the density of the particles of the medium is higher than the normal density is called a compression"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Conductors","Materials that allow electric charges to flow through them easily"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Constructive interference","The condition in which two waves arriving at the same place, at the same time and in phase, add amplitudes to create a new wave with a larger amplitude"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Control rods","Control rods are used in a nuclear reactor to slow down the rate of nuclear fission or to stop the fission process completely."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Controlled nuclear fission","Involves the slow and useful release of energy in a nuclear reactor."]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Coulomb","Unit used to measure quantity of electric charge; equivalent to the charge resulting from the transfer of 6.24 billion particles such as the electron"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Count rate","The number of counts on a Geiger counter(each count is caused by radiation causing ionisation)"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Crest","The point of maximum positive displacement on a transverse wave is called a crest"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Critical angle","Limit to the angle of incidence when all light rays are reflected internally"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Critical mass","Mass of fissionable material needed to sustain a chain reaction"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Current","A flow of electricity through a conductor"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Current Electricity","The continuous flow of electrons through a conductor."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Cycle","A complete vibration"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Dalton's model","Each element is composed of indivisible particles call atoms. Atoms of a given element are identical, the atom of different elements differ in fundamental ways. Compounds form when atoms of different elements combine. A given compound always has the same relative number and type of atoms. Reactions involve reorganization of the atoms"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Deceleration","Negative acceleration"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Decibel scale","A nonlinear scale of loudness based on the ratio of the intensity level of a sound to the intensity at the threshold of hearing"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Destructive interference","The condition in which two waves arriving at the same point at the same time out of phase add amplitudes to create zero total disturbance."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Diffuse reflection","Light rays reflected in many random directions, as opposed to the parallel rays reflected from a perfectly smooth surface such as a mirror"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Direct current","An electrical current that always moves in one direction"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Direct proportion","When two variables increase or decrease together in the same ratio (at the same rate)"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Displacement","The change in the position of an object in a particular direction is called displacement. Displacement may also be defined as the shortest distance between the initial and final position of a moving body. It is a vector quantity."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Distance","The actual length of the path traveled by a body irrespective of the direction is called the distance traveled. It is a scalar quantity."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Echo","A reflected sound that can be distinguished from the original sound, which usually arrives 0.1 sec or more after the original sound"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electric circuit","Consists of a voltage source that maintains an electrical potential, a continuous conducting path for a current to follow, and a device where work is done by the electrical potential; a switch in the circuit is used to complete or interrupt the conducting path"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electric current","The flow of electric charge electric field force field produced by an electrical charge"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electric Field","The field around charged particles that exerts a force on other charged particles."]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electric field lines","A map of an electric field representing the direction of the force that a test charge would experience; the direction of an electric field shown by lines of force"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electric Flux","The product of a surface area and the component of the electric field perpendicular to the surface"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electric generator","A Mechanical device that uses wire loops rotating in a magnetic field to produce electromagnetic induction in order to generate electricity"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electric Potential","The difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts (aka potential difference)"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electric potential energy","Potential energy due to the position of a charge near other charges"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electrical conductors","Materials that have electrons that are free to move throughout the material; for example, metals"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electrical energy","A form of energy from electromagnetic interactions; one of five forms of energy-Mechanical, chemical, radiant, electrical, and nuclear"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electrical force","A fundamental force that results from the interaction of electrical charge and is billions and billions of times stronger than the gravitational force; sometimes called the"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electrical insulators","Electrical nonconductors, or materials that obstruct the flow of electric current"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electrical resistance","The property of opposing or reducing electric current"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electrolyte","Water solution of ionic substances that conducts an electric current"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electromagnet","A magnet formed by a solenoid that can be turned on and off by turning the current on and off"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electromagnetic force","One of four fundamental forces; the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged particles"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electromagnetic induction","Process in which current is induced by moving a loop of wire in a magnetic field or by changing the magnetic field"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Electromagnetic waves","The waves which are due to oscillating electrical and magnetic fields and do not need any material medium for their propagation are called electromagnetic waves. These waves can, however, travel through material medium also. Light waves, radio waves are examples of electromagnetic waves. All electromagnetic waves travel in vacuum with a speed of 3 x 10 8 ms-1"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Electron","Subatomic particle that has the smallest negative charge possible and usually found in an orbital of an atom, but gained or lost when atoms become ions"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electron current","Opposite to conventional current; that is, considers electric current to consist of a drift of negative charges that flows from the negative terminal to the positive terminal of a battery"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electrostatic charge","An accumulated electric charge on an object from a surplus or deficiency of electrons; also called"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Element","A pure chemical substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by chemical or physical means; there are over 100 known elements, the fundamental materials of which all matter is made Energy The capacity of a body to do work is called its energy."]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Energy","The capacity of a body to do work is called its energy. Energy is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of energy is Joule."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Fissile","Referring to unstable materials; something that can readily be split or will split spontaneously."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Force","Forces are pushes or pulls which tend to change the state of rest or of uniform motion, the direction of motion, or the shape and size of a body. Force is a vector quantity. The SI unit of force is Newton. One N is the force which when acts on a body of mass 1 kg produces an acceleration of 1 ms-2."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Force of gravitation","The force with which two objects attract each other by virtue of their masses is called the force of gravitation. The force of attraction acts even if the two objects are not connected to each other. It is an action-at-a-distance force."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Free fall","The motion of a body towards the earth when no other force except the force of gravity acts on it is called free fall. All freely falling bodies are weightless."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Friction","The force that resists the motion of one surface relative to another with which it is in contact. The cause of friction is that surfaces, however smooth they may look to the eye, on the microscopic scale have many humps and crests. Thus the actual area of contact is very small indeed, and the consequent very high pressure leads to local pressure welding of the surface. In motion the welds are broken and remade continually."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"G","Symbol representing the acceleration of an object in free fall due to the force of gravity; its magnitude on the surface of the earth is 9.81 ms-2"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Gamma emission","Form of radioactive decay that occurs when an unstable nucleus emits extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation, with high energy short wavelength photons with low ionizing power and high penetrating power"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Geiger counter","A gas filled metal tube that detects radiation by counting electric pulses carried by gas ionized by radiation"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Gold foil experiment","Using alpha particles (positively charged helium) to bombard gold foil where 1 out of 1800 particles shot back towards source which concludes that the positive charges in an atom must be contained in a very small dense/massive region called the nucleus"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Gravitational constant G","The constant G which appears in the equation for Newton's law of gravitation is called the universal constant of gravitation or the gravitational constant. Numerically it is equal to the force of gravitation, which acts between two bodies of mass 1kg each separated by a distance of 1m. The value of G is 6.67×10-11 Nm²kg-²."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Gravity","Force of attraction between two objects due to their mass"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Half-life","The time taken for half of the atoms in a sample of radioactive material to decay (disintegrate)."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Hertz","Unit of frequency; equivalent to one cycle per second"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Hypothesis","A tentative explanation of a phenomenon that is compatible with the data and provides a framework for understanding and describing that phenomenon"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Impulsive force","The force which acts on a body for a very short time but produces a large change in the momentum of the body is called an impulsive force."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Incandescent","Matter emitting visible light as a result of high temperature for example, a light bulb, a flame from any burning source, and the sun are all incandescent sources because of high temperature"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Incident ray","Line representing the direction of motion of incoming light approaching a boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Index of refraction","The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a material"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Inertia","The property of matter that causes it to resist any change in its state of rest or of uniform motion. There are three kinds of inertia - inertia of rest, inertia of motion and inertia of direction. The mass of a body is a measure of its inertia."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Infrasonic","Sound waves having too low a frequency to be heard by the human ear; sound having a frequency of less than 20 Hz"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Intensity","A measure of the energy carried by a wave"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Interference","Phenomenon of light where the relative phase difference between two light waves produces light or dark spots, a result of light's wavelike nature"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Inverse proportion","The relationship in which the value of one variable increases while the value of the second variable decreases at the same rate (in the same ratio)"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Ionisation","The ability of nuclear radiation to take an electron off an atom, making it an ion."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Ionising ability","A measure of the ability to remove electrons"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Isotope","Atoms of an element with identical chemical properties but with different masses they have the  same number of protons (or the same atomic number) as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass)"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Joule","Metric unit used to measure work and energy; can also be used to measure heat; equivalent to newton-meter"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Kilogram","The fundamental unit of mass in the metric system of measurement"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Kinematic equations of motion","Set of formulas used to describe motion mathematically"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Kinetic Energy","Energy possessed by a body by the virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy. Kinetic energy = ½mv²"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Law of Conservation of Energy","The change of one form of energy into another is called transformation of energy. For example, when a body falls its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Law of conservation of mass","Same as law of conservation of matter; mass, including single atoms, is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Law of conservation of momentum","The total momentum of a group of interacting objects remains constant in the absence of external forces"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Light-year","The distance that light travels through empty space in one year, approximately 9.5 x 1011 km"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Lines of force","Lines drawn to make an electric field strength map, with each line originating on a positive charge and ending on a negative charge; each line represents a path on which a charge would experience a constant force and lines closer together mean a stronger electric field"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Liter","A metric system unit of volume, usually used for liquids"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Longitudinal waves","The wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate along the direction along the direction of propagation of wave is called the longitudinal wave. Sound waves are longitudinal waves."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Loudness","A subjective interpretation of a sound that is related to the energy of the vibrating source, related to the condition of the transmitting medium, and related to the distance involved"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Luminosity","The total amount of energy radiated into space each second from the surface of a star"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Luminous","An object or objects that produce visible light; for example, the sun, stars, light bulbs, and burning materials are all luminous"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Magnetic Dipole","Magnet with two poles (North & South); all magnets are dipoles; cutting one in half creates two dipoles"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Magnetic Field Lines","Invisible lines that map out the magnetic field around a magnet"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Magnetic Flux","The lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Magnetic Forces","Forces that may attract or repel without touching."]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Ferromagnetic Materials","Iron, cobalt, nickel"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Magnetic poles","The ends, or sides, of a magnet about which the force of magnetic attraction seems to be concentrated"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Magnetic reversal","The flipping of polarity of the earth's magnetic field as the north magnetic pole and the south magnetic pole exchange positions"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Magnetism","The force of repulsion (pushing) or attraction (pulling) between poles of magnets"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Magnitude","The size of a measurement of a vector; scalar quantities that consist of a number and unit only, no direction, for example"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Mass","The quantity of matter contained in a body is called its mass. The SI unit of mass is kg. The mass of a body remains the same everywhere. It is a measure of inertia, which means a resistance to a change of motion"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Mass number","The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus defines the mass number of an atom; used to identify isotopes; for example, Uranium 238"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Matter","Anything that occupies space and has mass"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Mechanical wave","The waves, which need a material medium for their propagation, are called Mechanical waves. Mechanical waves are also called elastic waves. Sound waves, water waves are examples of Mechanical waves."]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Meter","The fundamental metric unit of length"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Model","A mental or physical representation of something that cannot be observed directly that is usually used as an aid to understanding"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Moderator","A material used in nuclear reactors to produce 'slow' neutrons needed to trigger nuclear fission. Graphite and heavy water are typical moderators."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Momentum","Momentum is considered to be a measure of the quantity of motion in a body. The momentum of a body is defined as the product of its mass and velocity. Its SI units are kg ms-1."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Motion","Manner of how a body moves"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Negative electric charge","One of the two types of electric charge; repels other negative charges and attracts positive charges"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Negative ion","Atom or particle that has a surplus, or imbalance, of electrons and, thus, a negative charge"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Net force","The resulting force after all vector forces have been added; if a net force is zero, all the forces have canceled each other and there is not an unbalanced force"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Neutron","Uncharged particle found in the nucleus of atoms."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Newton","A unit of force defined as 1 Newton force is needed to accelerate a 1 kg mass 1 ms-2"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Newton's first law of motion","A body continues in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is acted upon by an external (unbalanced) force."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Newton's law of gravitation","The gravitational force of attraction acting between any two particles is directly proportional to the product of their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The force of attraction acts along the line joining the two particles. Real bodies having spherical symmetry act as point masses with their mass assumed to be concentrated at their center of mass."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Newton's second law of motion","The rate of change of momentum is equal to the force applied OR the force acting on a body is directly proportional to the product of its mass and acceleration produced by the force in the body."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Newton's third law of motion","To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The action and reaction act on two different bodies simultaneously."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Noise","Sounds made up of groups of waves of random frequency and intensity"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Non Uniform Acceleration","When the velocity of a body increases by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time, it is said to have non-uniform acceleration"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Non Uniform Speed","When a body travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time then it is said to have non-uniform speed."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Non Uniform Velocity","When a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time in a particular direction, or when it covers equal distances in equal intervals but changes its direction it is said to have non uniform velocity."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Normal","A line perpendicular to the surface of a boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Nuclear energy","The form of energy from reactions involving the nucleus, the innermost part of an atom"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Nuclear equation","Equation that describes the changes that occur during radioactive decay; to balance; Z and A must be equal on both sides of the nuclear equation,"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Nuclear fission","Nuclear reaction of splitting a massive nucleus into more stable, less massive nuclei with an accompanying release of energy"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Nuclear force","One of four fundamental forces, a strong force of attraction that operates over very short distances between subatomic particles; this force overcomes the electric repulsion of protons in a nucleus and binds the nucleus together"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Nuclear fusion","Nuclear reaction of low mass nuclei fusing together to form more stable and more massive nuclei with an accompanying release of energy"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Nuclear reactor","Steel vessel in which a controlled chain reaction of fissionable materials releases energy"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Nucleons","Name used to refer to both the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Nucleus","Tiny, relatively massive and positively charged center of an atom containing protons and neutrons; the small, dense center of an atom"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Numerical constant","A constant without units; a number"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Ohm","Unit of resistance equivalent to volts/amps"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Ohm's Law","The law that states that resistance is equal to voltage divided by current (R=V/I)"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Origin","Initial position of an object"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Origin","The only point on a graph where both the x and y variables have a value of zero at the same time"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Oscillatory motion","The to and fro motion of a body about its mean position is called oscillatory motion. Oscillatory motion is also called vibratory motion. Oscillatory motion is periodic in nature."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Parent nuclide","An unstable nucleus that decays and splits into two or more lighter nuclei. The lighter nuclei are called daughter nuclides."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Penetration ability","Ability of radioactive emissions to pass through materials"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Period (wave)","The time required for one complete cycle of a wave"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Periodic wave","A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate continuously about their mean positions regularly at fixed intervals of time is called a periodic wave."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Plum pudding model","J.J Thomson’s model of an atom, in which he thought electrons were randomly distributed within a positively charged cloud"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Positive electric charge","One of the two types of electric charge; repels other positive charges and attracts negative charges"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Potential Energy","Energy possessed by a body by the virtue of its position or configuration is called potential energy. There are two types of potential energies, gravitational and elastic. The potential energy of a body by virtue of its height from the ground is called its gravitational potential energy. The potential energy of a body by virtue of its configuration (shape) is called its elastic potential energy."]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Power","The rate of doing work is called power. Power is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of power is Watt ( 1 W = 1 Js-1)"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Power Dissipated by a Resistor","P = IV (applying Ohm's law) = I²R = V²/R [P=power (W/t), I=current (amp), V=voltage (volt), R=resistance]"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Projectile","An object thrown into space either horizontally or at an acute angle and under the action of gravity is called a projectile. The path followed by a projectile is called its trajectory. The horizontal distance traveled by a projectile is called its range. The time taken by a projectile from the moment it is thrown until it touches the ground is called its time of flight."]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Proportionality constant","A constant applied to a proportionality statement that transforms the statement into an equation"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Pulse","A wave of short duration confined to a small portion of the medium at any given time is called a pulse. A pulse is also called a wave pulse."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Rad","A measure of radiation received by a material (radiation absorbed dose) Radioactive decay constant A specific constant for a particular isotope that is the ratio of the rate of nuclear disintegration per unit of time to the total number of radioactive nuclei"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Radioactive decay","The natural spontaneous disintegration or decomposition of a nucleus  in a process in which radioactive isotopes tend to break down into stable isotopes of the same or other elements, in order to transmute they emit an alpha, beta and/or gamma radiation"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Radioactive decay series","Series of decay reactions that begins with one radioactive nucleus that decays to a second nucleus that decays to a third nucleus and so on until a stable nucleus is reached"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Radioactive source","Source(point of origin) of radioactive emissions"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Radioactivity","Spontaneous emission of particles or energy from an atomic nucleus as it disintegrates"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Randomly","Unpredictably"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Rarefaction","A part of a longitudinal wave in which the density of the particles of the medium is less than the normal density is called a rarefaction."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Rate of decay","Number of radioactive emissions/counts per second"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Real image","An image generated by a lens or mirror that can be projected onto a screen"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Rectilinear Motion","The motion of a body in a straight line is called rectilinear motion."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Reflected ray","A line representing direction of motion of light reflected from a boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Reflection","The change when light, sound, or other waves bounce backwards off a boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Refraction","A change in the direction of travel of light, sound, or other waves crossing a boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Repulsion of Electric Charges","Like charges give positive potential energy (repulsive force). Like charges repel one another."]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Resistance","A material's opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Resistors","Objects that allow charge to flow at a reduced rate (change into heat or light)"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Retardation","Negative acceleration is called retardation. In retardation the velocity of a body decreases with time."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Reverberation","Apparent increase in volume caused by reflections, usually arriving within 0.1 second after the original sound"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Rutherford's model of the atom","Nuclear atom: atom with a dense center of positive charge (the nucleus) around which tiny electrons moved in a space that was otherwise empty."]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Scalar Quantity","A physical quantity, which is described completely by its magnitude, is called a scalar quantity."]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Scientific law","A relationship between quantities, usually described by an equation in the physical sciences; is more important and describes a wider range of phenomena than a scientific principle"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Scientific principle","A relationship between quantities concerned with a specific, or narrow range of observations and behavior"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Second","The standard unit of time in both the metric and English systems of measurement"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Series","Electrical connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Simple Circuits","A circuit that has only one pathway for electricity to flow through"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Simple Pendulum","A heavy point mass (actually a small metallic ball), suspended by a light inextensible string from a frictionless rigid support is called a simple pendulum. A simple pendulum is a simple machine based on the effect of gravity."]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Solenoid","A cylindrical coil of wire that becomes electromagnetic when a current runs through it"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Sonic boom","Sound waves that pile up into a shock wave when a source is traveling at or faster than the speed of sound"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Speed","The distance traveled by a body in one unit of time is called its speed. If a body covers distance s in time t then its speed is given by s / t. It is a scalar quantity and its SI units are ms-1."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"State of Motion","When a body changes its position with respect to a fixed point in its surroundings then it is said to be in a state of motion. The states of rest and motion are relative to the frame of reference."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"State of Rest","When a body does not change its position with respect to a fixed point in its surrounding, then it is said to be in a state of rest. The states of rest and motion are relative to the frame of reference."]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Superconductors","Some materials in which, under certain conditions, the electrical resistance approaches zero"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Thermal radiation","Heat radiation. Electromagnetic waves with frequencies in the infrared range lower than the red end of the visible spectrum."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Time Period (of a wave)","The time taken by a wave to travel through a distance equal to its wavelength is called its time period. It is denoted by T. Time period of a wave = 1/frequency of the wave."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Time Period (of an oscillation)","The time taken to complete one oscillation is called the time period of an oscillation. The time period of a pendulum does not depend upon the mass of the bob and amplitude of oscillation. The time period of a pendulum is directly proportional to the square root of the length and inversely proportional to the square root of the acceleration due to gravity."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Transverse waves","A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in a direction perpendicular of the direction of propagation of wave is called the transverse wave. Water waves, light waves and radio waves are examples of transverse waves."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Trough","The point of maximum negative displacement on a transverse wave is called a trough."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Ultrasonic","Sound waves too high in frequency to be heard by the human ear; frequencies above 20,000Hz"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Unbalanced forces","When a number of forces act on a body and the resultant force is not zero, then the forces are said to be unbalanced."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Uniform Acceleration","When the velocity of a body increases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time it is said to have uniform acceleration."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Uniform Circular Motion","The motion of an object in a circular path with uniform speed is called uniform circular motion. Uniform circular motion is accelerated motion."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Uniform Speed","When a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time then it is said to have uniform speed."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Uniform Velocity","When a body travels along a straight line in particular direction and covers equal distances in equal intervals of time it is said to have uniform velocity."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Unstable nucleus","A nucleus that spontaneously undergoes change, which involves emission of radiation from the nucleus."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Vector Quantity","A quantity, which needs both magnitude and direction to describe it, is called a vector quantity. Such a physical quantity should also follow the vector law of addition."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Velocity","Distance traveled by a body in a particular direction per unit time is called its velocity. It can also be defined as the displacement of the body per unit time. It is a vector quantity. The SI units of velocity are ms-1."]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Vibration","A back and forth motion that repeats itself"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Virtual image","An image where light rays appear to originate from a mirror or lens; this image cannot be projected on a screen"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Voltage drop","The electric potential difference across a resistor or other part of a circuit that consumes power"]
[null,"PHY2: All",null,"Watt","Metric unit for power; equivalent to joule/sec"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Wave","A disturbance or oscillation that moves through a medium"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Wave (Mechanical)","A periodic disturbance produced in a material medium due to the vibratory motion of the particles of the medium is called a wave."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Wave motion","The movement of a disturbance produced in one part of a medium to another involving the transfer of energy but not the transfer of matter is called wave motion."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Wave period","The time required for two successive crests or other successive parts of the wave to pass a given point"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Wave velocity","The distance traveled by a wave in one second is called the wave velocity. The wave velocity of a wave depends upon the nature of the medium through which it passes."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Wavelength","The distance between the two nearest points on a wave, which are in the same phase, is called the wavelength of the wave. The distance between two adjacent crests or two adjacent troughs is called its wavelength."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Weight","The force with which a body is attracted towards the center of the earth is called its weight. The SI unit of weight is N. The weight of a body of mass m is given by mg. Its value will depend upon the value of g at that place."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Weightlessness","The state when the apparent weight of a body becomes zero is called the state of weightlessness. All objects while falling freely under the action of gravity appear weightless."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics",null,"Work","Work is done when force acting on a body moves it. Work is a scalar quantity. The SI unit for work is Joule."]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"vacuum ","An empty space in which there is no air or other gas"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"object","Everything that can be seen is seen only when light from this travels to our eyes"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"image","The location in space where it appears that light diverges from"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"mirrors","Optical instrument that reflects waves"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"lens","Optical instrument that refracts waves"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Reflection","Change in direction of a wave upon striking the interface between two materials"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"incident ray","The direction that a wave travels as it approaches a boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"reflected ray","Shows the direction that light travels after it has bounced off the boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"refracted ray","Shows the direction that light travels after it has crossed over the boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"angle of incidence","The angle between the incident ray and the normal line"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"normal","Imaginary line drawn perpendicular to a boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"perpendicular","Being at right angles to a given line or plane"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"angle of reflection","Angle between the reflected ray and the normal line"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"angle of refraction","Angle between the refracted ray and the normal line"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"law of reflection","Angle of incidence and angle of reflection are equal"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Refraction","Deviation of the path of a wave as it passes across the boundary separating two media"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"index of refraction","Ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in that substance"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Snell’s Law","Relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"total internal reflection","Reflection of a ray at the boundary of two media, when the ray comes from greater refractive index"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"critical angle","Smallest angle of incidence at which a light ray passing from one medium to another less refractive medium can be totally reflected"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Dispersion","Each color refracts slightly differently"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"tangent","A line that touches a sphere or circle at only one point"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Optical Instruments","Mirrors, lenses, prisms or combinations of these"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Plane mirror","A flat mirror"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"concave mirror","Mirror where surface curves inwards/ focus light to a point"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"convex mirror","Mirror where surface bulges outwards//diverges light away from a point"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"converging","Focusing light into a single point"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"convex lens","Transparent material with a bulge in the center/ focus light to a point"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"diverging","Diverts light away from the focal point/rays never meet"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"concave lens","Lens where surface curves inwards/diverges light away from a point"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Ray diagram","Diagram that traces the path that light takes in order for a person to view a point on the image of an object."]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"principal axis","Normal that runs through the center of the mirror or lens"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"vertex","Point where principle axis strikes mirror/lens"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"center of curvature, C","center of the sphere of which mirror is a slice"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"focal point (of mirror), F","All rays of light that run parallel to the principal axis will be reflected through this"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"focal point (of lenses), F","All rays of light that run parallel to the principal axis will be refracted through this"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"focal length, f","Distance between f and vertex of mirror/lens"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Real image","Image is formed by actual rays of light and can be projected"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Virtual image","An image that appears to be behind the mirror/lens"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"upright image","Right-side-up image"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"distance of object, do","The distance from the mirror/lens to the object"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"distance of image, di","The distance from the mirror/lens to the image"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"magnification, m","Ratio of height of object, ho to height of image, hi"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Inverted image","Upside down image"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Magnified image","Image bigger than the object"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Diminished image","Image smaller than the object"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Optical density","The greater this value that a material has, the slower that a wave will move through it."]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"specular reflection","If a bundle of light rays is incident upon a smooth surface"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"diffuse reflection","If a bundle of light rays is incident on a microscopically rough surface"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"Lateral inversion","When you view an image of yourself in a plane mirror, there is an left-right reversal of the image"]
[null,"PHY2: Optics",null,"parallel","Rays that neither converge nor diverge/ to go or extend in the same direction"]

{"sheet":"PHY3","index":5,"n_rows":411,"n_cols":5,"rows_kept":411,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","A.C. ","Alternating Current"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Absorber","Material that prevent radioactive emission from passing through it"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Accelerate","When something changes its velocity"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Acceleration","The rate of change of velocity of a moving object is called its acceleration. The SI units of acceleration are ms-². By definition, this change in velocity can result from a change in speed, a change in direction, or a combination of changes in speed and direction"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Acceleration due to gravity","The acceleration produced in a body due to the earth's attraction is called acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by the letter g. On the surface of the earth, its average value is 9.8 ms-². The value of g on the surface of the earth increases in going towards the poles from the equator. The acceleration due to gravity of the earth decreases with altitude and with depth inside the earth. The value of g at the center of the earth is zero."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Alpha emission","Release of alpha particle from unstable nucleus(a 2+ helium ion or a helium nucleus)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Alpha particle","The nucleus of a helium atom (two protons and two neutrons) emitted as radiation from a decaying heavy nucleus; also known as an alpha ray"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Alternating current","An electric current that first moves one direction, then the opposite direction with a regular frequency"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Ammeter ","Device that measures current when connected in series in a circuit"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Ampere ","The rate of flow of charge per second"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Ampere (Amp)","Unit of electric current. It is equivalent to coulomb/sec."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Amplitude (of an oscillation)","The maximum displacement of a body from the equilibrium position during an oscillatory motion is called the amplitude of oscillation"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Amplitude (of waves)","The maximum displacement of particles of the medium from their mean positions during the propagation of a wave is called the amplitude of the wave."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Angular Acceleration","The rate of change of angular velocity of a rotating body."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Angular Acceleration","Rate of increase in angular velocity (= change in velocity/time)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Angular Displacement","The angle described at the center of the circle by a moving body along a circular path is called angular displacement. It is measured in radians."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Angular displacement","Angle an object rotates"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Angular frequency","Frequency expressed in radians per second"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Angular momentum","Mass x angular velocity for an object undergoing circular motion"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Angular Velocity","The rate of change of angular displacement of a rotating body."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Angular velocity","Distance travelled in a circle divided by time (identical to angular frequency)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Antinodal lines ","Lines of constructive interference where crest meets crest"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Antinode ","A point of maximum amplitude because of constructive interference of waves"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Apparent frequency ","Observed frequency of wave when source or observer is moving (f')"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Approximation ","A rough estimate or calculated guess"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Assumption ","Reach conclusion without knowing all details - ignoring possible irrelevancies (e.g. Friction in motion)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Astronomical unit","The radius of the earth's orbit (A.U.)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Atom","The smallest unit of an element that can exist alone or in combination with other elements"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Atomic line spectra ","Spectral lines given out/absorbed by low pressure gases when they are excited"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Atomic mass unit","Relative mass unit (u) of an isotope based on the standard of the carbon-12 isotope, which is defined as a mass of exactly 12.00 u; one atomic mass unit (I u) is 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Atomic number","The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Atomic structure","Atoms are made up of 3 types of particles electrons, protons and neutrons. These particles have different properties. Electrons are tiny, very light particles that have a negative electrical charge (-). Protons are much larger and heavier than electrons and have the opposite charge, protons have a positive charge. Neutrons are large and heavy like protons; however neutrons have no electrical charge. Each atom is made up of a combination of these particles."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Attraction of Electric Charges","Unlike charges give negative potential energy (attractive force). Unlike charges attract one another."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Average velocity","Total displacement divided by the total time taken"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Avogadro's Number","The number of carbon-12 atoms in exactly 12.00 g of C that is 6.02 x 10^23 atoms or other chemical units. It is the number of chemical units in one mole of a substance"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Axis","The imaginary line about which a planet or other object rotates"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Background radiation","The nuclear radiation that arises naturally from cosmic rays and from radioactive isotopes in the soil and air"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Balanced Forces","When a number of forces act on a body, and the resultant force is zero, then the forces are said to be resultant forces."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Balmer series ","Visible light produced by excited Hydrogen electrons"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Beat","A special kind of interference, usually of sound waves. It occurs when two sets of waves have slightly different frequencies,  fb  = f2 - f1"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Beat frequency ","Difference between the frequencies of two similar waves"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Becquerel","The rate of disintegration of a radioactive substance; one disintegration per second."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Beta emission","When a beta particle (electron like particle) is ejected from the nucleus; this release causes a neutron to convert into a proton; therefore, Z number increases by 1, A number remains the same; also results in element changing from one type to another"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Beta particle","High-energy electron emitted as ionizing radiation from a decaying nucleus; also known as a beta ray"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Binding energy","The energy required to break a nucleus into its constituent protons and neutrons; also the energy equivalent released when a nucleus is formed"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Binding energy per nucleon ","Energy required to separate a nucleus into its nucleons divided by number of nucleons"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Bohr model","Model of the structure of the atom that attempted to correct the deficiencies of the Rutherford model for the atom"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Bright fringe ","Area of constructive interference"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Calculation ","Use formulae, insert numerical values from a question, to solve a problem"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Capacitance","Measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge, calculated by the ratio of the magnitude of charge on one plate to the voltage across the two plates, expressed in SI units, farads."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Capacitators","Stores electrical energy, found in nearly all electronic circuits. When plates are connected to a charger, charge is transferred from one plate to the other as the positive battery terminal pulls electrons from the place connected to it. The electrons are pumped through the battery and through the negative terminal to the opposite plate. They then have equal opposite charges-the positive is connected to the positive side of the battery. The greater the battery voltage and the larger and closer the plates, the greater the charge that is stored. The larger the battery voltage and/or the plates and/or the closer the plates, the greater the charge. The energy stored comes from the work done to charge it and is in the form of the electric field between its plates."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Capacitor ","Device that stores electric charge on two oppositely charged plates"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Cathode rays","Negatively charged particles (electrons) that are emitted from a negative terminal in an evacuated glass tube"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Cell ","Positive to negative terminal (opposites)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Centrifugal force","An apparent outward force on an object following a circular path that. This force is a consequence of the third law of motion"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Centripetal force","Force required to keep an object moving in a circle"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Change in momentum","Momentum after minus momentum before"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Change in velocity","Velocity after minus velocity before"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Charging ","When a capacitor gains a charge causing a potential difference across its plates"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Circuit ","Conducting path from to positive terminal of a power source to the negative terminal of a power source"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Circuit diagram ","Diagram using symbols to represent an electrical circuit"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Circular Motion","The motion of a body along a circular path is called circular motion."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Circular orbit","An orbit that is circular"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Closed Pipe ","A pipe with one end open and the other end blocked up"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Coil ","Turns of electric wire around an object(e.g. Iron core)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Coincides ","To be in the same place at the same time"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Collision","Objects hitting each other"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Combined mass","Sum of masses involved"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Complex problems ","Problems which involve two or more steps"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Compression","A part of a longitudinal wave in which the density of the particles of the medium is higher than the normal density is called a compression"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Concepts ","Physics Ideas"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Conductors","Materials that allow electric charges to flow through them easily"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Conservation of energy","Energy cannot be created or destroyed"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Conservation of momentum","Momentum before equals momentum after ALWAYS"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Conserved","Kept the same"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Constant speed","Speed that stays the same"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Constructive interference","The condition in which two waves arriving at the same place, at the same time and in phase, add amplitudes to create a new wave with a larger amplitude"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Context ","A question with a setting/with relevance to the question"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Continuous spectra ","Separation of electromagnetic spectrum into its discrete frequencies (e.g. ROYGBIV for visible light) with no gaps (missing frequencies)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Controlled nuclear fission","Involves the slow and useful release of energy in a nuclear reactor."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Conventional Current ","Current flows from positive to negative terminal"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Coulomb","Unit used to measure quantity of electric charge; equivalent to the charge resulting from the transfer of 6.24 billion particles such as the electron"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Crest","The point of maximum positive displacement on a transverse wave is called a crest"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Critical mass","Mass of fissionable material needed to sustain a chain reaction"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Current","A flow of electricity through a conductor"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Current Electricity","The continuous flow of electrons through a conductor."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Cycle","A complete vibration"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Damped","Vibrations which gradually die out as their source loses energy. For example the oscillation of a child's swing needs a little push each time to keep it going to the same height to stop the oscillations dying away."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Dampen","Any effect causing loss of energy during SHM e.g. Air resistance"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Dark fringe ","Area of destructive interference"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Deceleration","Negative acceleration"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Decibel scale","A nonlinear scale of loudness based on the ratio of the intensity level of a sound to the intensity at the threshold of hearing"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Derive ","Prove something using first principles"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Description ","A statement that represents something in words"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Destructive interference","The condition in which two waves arriving at the same point at the same time out of phase add amplitudes to create zero total disturbance."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Deviates ","Wave changes direction"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Diagram ","A picture/image that provides information for the question"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Dielectric constant ","Proportion by which the capacitance increases when an insulator is placed between the plates of a capacitor"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Diffraction ","Bending of waves around a barrier/through a gap"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Diffraction grating ","Series of fine slits or lines used to deviate waves (e.g. Light)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Direct current","An electrical current that always moves in one direction"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Direct proportion","When two variables increase or decrease together in the same ratio (at the same rate)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Discharging ","When a capacitor loses a charge causing a potential difference across its plates"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Discuss ","Fully explain including comparing and contrasting of physics idea"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Dispersion ","Refraction in e.g. A prism causes white light to split up into colours"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Displacement","The change in the position of an object in a particular direction is called displacement. Displacement may also be defined as the shortest distance between the initial and final position of a moving body. It is a vector quantity."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Distance","The actual length of the path traveled by a body irrespective of the direction is called the distance traveled. It is a scalar quantity."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Doppler effect","An apparent shift in the frequency of sound or light due to relative motion between the source of the sound or light and the observer"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Doppler effect","An apparent shift in the frequency of sound or light which occurs when the source of the waves is moving towards or away from the observer. Used to measure speeding cars and galaxies."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Echo","A reflected sound that can be distinguished from the original sound, which usually arrives 0.1 sec or more after the original sound"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Effect ","Consequence caused by external factors to particular variables"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Elastic collision","Collision where kinetic energy is conserved"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electric circuit","Consists of a voltage source that maintains an electrical potential, a continuous conducting path for a current to follow, and a device where work is done by the electrical potential; a switch in the circuit is used to complete or interrupt the conducting path"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electric current","The flow of electric charge electric field force field produced by an electrical charge"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electric Field","The field around charged particles that exerts a force on other charged particles."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electric field lines","A map of an electric field representing the direction of the force that a test charge would experience; the direction of an electric field shown by lines of force"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electric field strength ","Size of electric field"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electric Flux","The product of a surface area and the component of the electric field perpendicular to the surface"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electric generator","A Mechanical device that uses wire loops rotating in a magnetic field to produce electromagnetic induction in order to generate electricity"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electric Potential","The difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts (aka potential difference)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electric potential energy","Potential energy due to the position of a charge near other charges"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electrical conductors","Materials that have electrons that are free to move throughout the material; for example, metals"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electrical energy","A form of energy from electromagnetic interactions; one of five forms of energy-Mechanical, chemical, radiant, electrical, and nuclear"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electrical force","A fundamental force that results from the interaction of electrical charge and is billions and billions of times stronger than the gravitational force; sometimes called the"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electrical insulators","Electrical nonconductors, or materials that obstruct the flow of electric current"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electrical resistance","The property of opposing or reducing electric current"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electromagnet","A magnet formed by a solenoid that can be turned on and off by turning the current on and off"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electromagnetic force","One of four fundamental forces; the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged particles"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electromagnetic induction","Process in which current is induced by moving a loop of wire in a magnetic field or by changing the magnetic field"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Electromagnetic spectrum ","Family of waves (e.g. Light) don't require medium, are transverse and travel at 3 x 10 8 ms-1 in a vacuum"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Electromagnetic waves","The waves which are due to oscillating electrical and magnetic fields and do not need any material medium for their propagation are called electromagnetic waves. These waves can, however, travel through material medium also. Light waves, radio waves are examples of electromagnetic waves. All electromagnetic waves travel in vacuum with a speed of 3 x 10 8 ms-1"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electromotive Force (EMF)","The pressure, or force, that causes electric current to flow."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Electron","Subatomic particle that has the smallest negative charge possible and usually found in an orbital of an atom, but gained or lost when atoms become ions"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electron current","Opposite to conventional current; that is, considers electric current to consist of a drift of negative charges that flows from the negative terminal to the positive terminal of a battery"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Electron volt","The energy gained by an electron moving across a potential difference of one volt; equivalent to 1.60 x 10-19 Joules"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Element","A pure chemical substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by chemical or physical means; there are over 100 known elements, the fundamental materials of which all matter is made Energy The capacity of a body to do work is called its energy."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","EMF ","Voltage across a power supply when no current is drawn"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Emission spectra ","Atomic line spectra given off from low pressure gas excited by heat or electricity"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Energy","The capacity of a body to do work is called its energy. Energy is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of energy is Joule."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Energy","A scalar physical quantity that is a property of objects which is conserved by nature. E.g. Kinetic, electrical and sound"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Energy Absorption ","The amount of energy taken in by an electron when excited"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Energy Level ","Fixed quantities of energy which an electron can have in an atom"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Equilibrium Position","Where the mass wants to be in simple harmonic motion"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Escape Velocity","The minimum velocity with which an object must be thrown upwards so as to overcome the gravitational pull and escape into space, is called escape velocity (V esc ). The escape velocity depends upon the mass and radius of the planet/star. It does not depend upon the mass of the body thrown up. The escape velocity of earth is given by."]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Estimate ","An educated guess (which may not involve a calculation)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Explain ","Written sentence(s) to show the meaning of something"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Extension of a spring","How much a spring is extended (stretched or compressed) compared to its natural length"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Faraday's Law","The induced voltage (EMF and current) in a coil is proportional to the product of the number of loops and the rate at which the magnetic field changes within those loops"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Fissile","Referring to unstable materials; something that can readily be split or will split spontaneously."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Fission ","Nuclear reaction where one big nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Force","Forces are pushes or pulls which tend to change the state of rest or of uniform motion, the direction of motion, or the shape and size of a body. Force is a vector quantity. The SI unit of force is Newton. One N is the force which when acts on a body of mass 1 kg produces an acceleration of 1 ms-2."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Force of gravitation","The force with which two objects attract each other by virtue of their masses is called the force of gravitation. The force of attraction acts even if the two objects are not connected to each other. It is an action-at-a-distance force."]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Formulae ","Physics equations with variables used to determine mathematical values"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Free fall","The motion of a body towards the earth when no other force except the force of gravity acts on it is called free fall. All freely falling bodies are weightless."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Frequency","The number of waves which reach an observer in one second. Measured in Hertz, Hz or s-1"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Friction","The force that resists the motion of one surface relative to another with which it is in contact. The cause of friction is that surfaces, however smooth they may look to the eye, on the microscopic scale have many humps and crests. Thus the actual area of contact is very small indeed, and the consequent very high pressure leads to local pressure welding of the surface. In motion the welds are broken and remade continually."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Fringe ","Band of light/dark"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Fundamental","This is the simplest standing wave the medium, e.g. A guitar string, can produce. The fundamental frequency is the lowest possible frequency."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Fusion ","Nuclear reaction joining two smaller nuclei to make one bigger nucleus"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","G","Symbol representing the acceleration of an object in free fall due to the force of gravity; its magnitude on the surface of the earth is 9.81 ms-2"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Gamma emission","Form of radioactive decay that occurs when an unstable nucleus emits extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation, with high energy short wavelength photons with low ionizing power and high penetrating power"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Generator ","Produces electricity from the rotation of a coil inside a magnetic field"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Gravitational constant G","The constant G which appears in the equation for Newton's law of gravitation is called the universal constant of gravitation or the gravitational constant. Numerically it is equal to the force of gravitation, which acts between two bodies of mass 1kg each separated by a distance of 1m. The value of G is 6.67×10-11 Nm²kg-²."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Gravitational Field Strength","Symbol, g, strength of the gravitational field strength at a particular point"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Gravitational Potential Energy","Energy stored in a gravitational field when an object is moved vertically upwards"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Gravity","Force of attraction between two objects due to their mass"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Ground state","Energy state of an atom with electrons at the lowest energy state possible for that atom Half-life The time required for one-half of the unstable nuclei in a radioactive substance to decay into a new element"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Half-life","The time taken for half of the atoms in a sample of radioactive material to decay (disintegrate)."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Harmonic","An exact multiple of the fundamental frequency of an oscillation, e.g. The second harmonic has twice the fundamental frequency, the third harmonic three times the fundamental frequency and so on."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Heisenberg uncertainty principle","You cannot measure both the exact momentum and the exact position of a subatomic particle at the same time-when the more exact of the two is known, the less certain you are of the value of the other"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Hertz","Unit of frequency; equivalent to one cycle per second"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Horizontal circle","A circle that involves no gain or loss in gravitational potential energy"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Hypothesis","A tentative explanation of a phenomenon that is compatible with the data and provides a framework for understanding and describing that phenomenon"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Impedance ","Combination of resistance and reactance in an AC circuit"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Impulse","Change in momentum (caused by an external force)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Impulsive force","The force which acts on a body for a very short time but produces a large change in the momentum of the body is called an impulsive force."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Incandescent","Matter emitting visible light as a result of high temperature for example, a light bulb, a flame from any burning source, and the sun are all incandescent sources because of high temperature"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Incident ","Moving towards (e.g. Incident light strikes a mirror)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Incoming waves ","Waves about to collide with boundary / interface"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Induced voltage ","Voltage created by the combination of movement and a magnetic field"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Inductance ","The effect in a circuit when a changing current causes an opposing induced voltage"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Induction ","Conversion of kinetic energy to electrical energy using a magnetic field"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Inductor ","Produces opposing voltage when current-magnetic field changes"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Inelastic collision","Collision where kinetic energy is not conserved (some energy is converted to sound or heat etc.)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Inertia","The property of matter that causes it to resist any change in its state of rest or of uniform motion. There are three kinds of inertia - inertia of rest, inertia of motion and inertia of direction. The mass of a body is a measure of its inertia."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Infrasonic","Sound waves having too low a frequency to be heard by the human ear; sound having a frequency of less than 20 Hz"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Intensity","A measure of the energy carried by a wave"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Interface ","Boundary between two different media"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Interference","Phenomenon of light where the relative phase difference between two light waves produces light or dark spots, a result of light's wavelike nature"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Interference ","Effect occurring when waves meet"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Internal resistance ","Resistance inside a battery/power supply"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Inverse proportion","The relationship in which the value of one variable increases while the value of the second variable decreases at the same rate (in the same ratio)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Ionisation","The ability of nuclear radiation to take an electron off an atom, making it an ion."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Ionise ","When an electron is given enough energy to leave the atom"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Ionising ability","A measure of the ability to remove electrons"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Isotope","Atoms of an element with identical chemical properties but with different masses they have the  same number of protons (or the same atomic number) as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Joule","Metric unit used to measure work and energy; can also be used to measure heat; equivalent to newton-meter"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Justify ","Give written reasons for something"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Kilogram","The fundamental unit of mass in the metric system of measurement"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Kinematic equations of motion","Set of formulas used to describe motion mathematically"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Kinetic Energy","Energy possessed by a body by the virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy. Kinetic energy = ½mv²"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Kirchhoff's current law ","Total current entering a junction = total current leaving a junction"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Kirchhoff's voltage law ","The total of all the voltages in a closed loop is equal to zero"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Labelled ","Diagram with words/symbols to identify the parts of the diagram"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Law of Conservation of Energy","The change of one form of energy into another is called transformation of energy. For example, when a body falls its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Law of conservation of mass","Same as law of conservation of matter; mass, including single atoms, is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Law of conservation of momentum","The total momentum of a group of interacting objects remains constant in the absence of external forces"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Lenz's law ","The direction of the induced current creates a force that opposes the change that produces it"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Light-year","The distance that light travels through empty space in one year, approximately 9.5 x 1011 km"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Line spectrum","Narrow lines of color in an otherwise dark spectrum"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Lines of force","Lines drawn to make an electric field strength map, with each line originating on a positive charge and ending on a negative charge; each line represents a path on which a charge would experience a constant force and lines closer together mean a stronger electric field"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Liter","A metric system unit of volume, usually used for liquids"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Longitudinal waves","The wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate along the direction along the direction of propagation of wave is called the longitudinal wave. Sound waves are longitudinal waves."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Loudness","A subjective interpretation of a sound that is related to the energy of the vibrating source, related to the condition of the transmitting medium, and related to the distance involved"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Luminosity","The total amount of energy radiated into space each second from the surface of a star"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Luminous","An object or objects that produce visible light; for example, the sun, stars, light bulbs, and burning materials are all luminous"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Lyman series ","Ultraviolet light produced by excited Hydrogen electrons"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic Dipole","Magnet with two poles (North & South); all magnets are dipoles; cutting one in half creates two dipoles"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic field ","Region where ferromagnetic materials (iron, cobalt, nickel) and magnets experience a force"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic Field Lines","Invisible lines that map out the magnetic field around a magnet"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic Flux","The lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic flux density ","Amount of flux density in a fixed area"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic poles","The ends, or sides, of a magnet about which the force of magnetic attraction seems to be concentrated"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic reversal","The flipping of polarity of the earth's magnetic field as the north magnetic pole and the south magnetic pole exchange positions"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Magnetism","The force of repulsion (pushing) or attraction (pulling) between poles of magnets"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Magnitude","The size of a measurement of a vector; scalar quantities that consist of a number and unit only, no direction, for example"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Mass","The quantity of matter contained in a body is called its mass. The SI unit of mass is kg. The mass of a body remains the same everywhere. It is a measure of inertia, which means a resistance to a change of motion"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Mass defect","The difference between the sum of the masses of the individual nucleons forming a nucleus and the actual mass of that nucleus"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Mass number","The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus defines the mass number of an atom; used to identify isotopes; for example, Uranium 238"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Matter","Anything that occupies space and has mass"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Mechanical wave","The waves, which need a material medium for their propagation, are called Mechanical waves. Mechanical waves are also called elastic waves. Sound waves, water waves are examples of Mechanical waves."]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Meter","The fundamental metric unit of length"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Model","A mental or physical representation of something that cannot be observed directly that is usually used as an aid to understanding"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Momentum","Momentum is considered to be a measure of the quantity of motion in a body. The momentum of a body is defined as the product of its mass and velocity. Its SI units are kg ms-1."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Motion","Manner of how a body moves"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Mutual Inductance ","Changing current in one coil induces a voltage in another coil"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Negative electric charge","One of the two types of electric charge; repels other negative charges and attracts positive charges"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Negative ion","Atom or particle that has a surplus, or imbalance, of electrons and, thus, a negative charge"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Net force","The resulting force after all vector forces have been added; if a net force is zero, all the forces have canceled each other and there is not an unbalanced force"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Neutron","Uncharged particle found in the nucleus of atoms."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Newton","A unit of force defined as 1 Newton force is needed to accelerate a 1 kg mass 1 ms-2"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Newton's first law of motion","A body continues in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is acted upon by an external (unbalanced) force."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Newton's law of gravitation","The gravitational force of attraction acting between any two particles is directly proportional to the product of their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The force of attraction acts along the line joining the two particles. Real bodies having spherical symmetry act as point masses with their mass assumed to be concentrated at their center of mass."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Newton's second law of motion","The rate of change of momentum is equal to the force applied OR the force acting on a body is directly proportional to the product of its mass and acceleration produced by the force in the body."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Newton's third law of motion","To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The action and reaction act on two different bodies simultaneously."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Nodal lines ","Line of destructive interference"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Node","A point in a stationary wave without any disturbances. Destructive interference occurs at nodes. Nodes are half a wavelength apart."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Noise","Sounds made up of groups of waves of random frequency and intensity"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Non Uniform Acceleration","When the velocity of a body increases by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time, it is said to have non-uniform acceleration"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Non Uniform Speed","When a body travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time then it is said to have non-uniform speed."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Non Uniform Velocity","When a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time in a particular direction, or when it covers equal distances in equal intervals but changes its direction it is said to have non uniform velocity."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Nuclear energy","The form of energy from reactions involving the nucleus, the innermost part of an atom"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Nuclear equation","Equation that describes the changes that occur during radioactive decay; to balance; Z and A must be equal on both sides of the nuclear equation,"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Nuclear fission","Nuclear reaction of splitting a massive nucleus into more stable, less massive nuclei with an accompanying release of energy"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Nuclear force","One of four fundamental forces, a strong force of attraction that operates over very short distances between subatomic particles; this force overcomes the electric repulsion of protons in a nucleus and binds the nucleus together"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Nuclear fusion","Nuclear reaction of low mass nuclei fusing together to form more stable and more massive nuclei with an accompanying release of energy"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Nucleons","Name used to refer to both the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Nucleus","Tiny, relatively massive and positively charged center of an atom containing protons and neutrons; the small, dense center of an atom"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Numerical constant","A constant without units; a number"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Ohm","Unit of resistance equivalent to volts/amps"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Ohm's Law","The law that states that resistance is equal to voltage divided by current (R=V/I)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Open Pipe ","A pipe with both ends open"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Orbital","The region of space around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to be found"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Origin","Initial position of an object"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Origin","The only point on a graph where both the x and y variables have a value of zero at the same time"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Oscillation","A vibration or regular pattern of movement or compressions (of e.g. Sound waves in air)."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Oscillatory motion","The to and fro motion of a body about its mean position is called oscillatory motion. Oscillatory motion is also called vibratory motion. Oscillatory motion is periodic in nature."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Parent nuclide","An unstable nucleus that decays and splits into two or more lighter nuclei. The lighter nuclei are called daughter nuclides."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Paschen series ","Infrared Light produced by excited Hydrogen electrons"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Pendulum","A mass (called “Bob”) tied to a piece of string"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Period","For a particular vibration, the time for one complete oscillation"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Period (wave)","The time required for one complete cycle of a wave"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Periodic wave","A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate continuously about their mean positions regularly at fixed intervals of time is called a periodic wave."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Permittivity ","Proportion by which the capacitance increases when an insulator is placed between the plates of a capacitor"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Perpendicular ","At right angles"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Phase change ","When wave collides with a boundary / interface the reflected wave has same speed/amplitude as incident wave but opposite polarity (upside down)."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Phasor ","Anti- clockwise rotating vector used to help draw sine graphs"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Phenomena ","Something that happens but can't always be explained"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Photoelectric effect ","Effect where metal surface releases electrons when struck by photons"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Photon ","Packet of energy"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Physical quantity ","Something that can be physically measured e.g. Mass, time"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Pitch ","Frequency of sound (low pitch = low frequency, high pitch = high frequency)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Pivot","Point upon which an object turns or rotates"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Planck's constant","Proportionality constant in the relationship between the energy of vibrating molecules and their frequency of vibration; a value of 6.63 x 10-34 Js"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Polarized Light","Whose constituent transverse waves are all vibrating in the same plane; also known as plane polarized light"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Polaroid","A film that transmits only polarized light"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Positive electric charge","One of the two types of electric charge; repels other positive charges and attracts negative charges"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Potential Difference ","Difference in voltage between two points"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Potential Energy","Energy possessed by a body by the virtue of its position or configuration is called potential energy. There are two types of potential energies, gravitational and elastic. The potential energy of a body by virtue of its height from the ground is called its gravitational potential energy. The potential energy of a body by virtue of its configuration (shape) is called its elastic potential energy."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Power","The rate of doing work is called power. Power is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of power is Watt ( 1 W = 1 Js-1)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Power Dissipated by a Resistor","P = IV (applying Ohm's law) = I²R = V²/R [P=power (W/t), I=current (amp), V=voltage (volt), R=resistance]"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Principles ","Fundamental Physics ideas"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Process ","Steps leading to a particular result"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Projectile","An object thrown into space either horizontally or at an acute angle and under the action of gravity is called a projectile. The path followed by a projectile is called its trajectory. The horizontal distance traveled by a projectile is called its range. The time taken by a projectile from the moment it is thrown until it touches the ground is called its time of flight."]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Properties ","Attributes"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Proportionality constant","A constant applied to a proportionality statement that transforms the statement into an equation"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Provide ","Give information or calculations to explain the problem"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Pulse","A wave of short duration confined to a small portion of the medium at any given time is called a pulse. A pulse is also called a wave pulse."]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Qualitative ","Descriptive"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Quanta","Fixed amounts; usually referring to fixed amounts of energy absorbed or emitted by matter"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Quantitative ","Numerical"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Quantum Mechanics","Model of the atom based on the wave nature of subatomic particles, the Mechanics of electron waves; also called wave Mechanics"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Radiation ","Emission of energy as particles ( α , β ) or waves ( γ )"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Radius","Distance from centre of circle to edge"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Randomly","Unpredictably"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Rarefaction","A part of a longitudinal wave in which the density of the particles of the medium is less than the normal density is called a rarefaction."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Reactance ","Ability of a capacitor or inductor to limit current in an A.C. circuit"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Rectilinear Motion","The motion of a body in a straight line is called rectilinear motion."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Red shift ","Shift in spectral lines from stars due to their relative motion"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Reflected ray","A line representing direction of motion of light reflected from a boundary"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Reflection","The change when light, sound, or other waves bounce backwards off a boundary"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Relationship ","How two (or more) variables are connected / related"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Relativistic ","An effect which changes the value of a quantity e.g. Mass at high velocities"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Relativistic mass ","The mass an object would mass if you could measure it while it is moving"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Relevant ","Something that is important to the situation"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Resistance","A material's opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Resistors","Objects that allow charge to flow at a reduced rate (change into heat or light)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Resonance ","Oscillation when frequency of forced vibration is same as natural frequency"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Resonant frequency","The frequency of vibration of an elastic object that depends on the size, composition, and shape of the object"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Resonant frequency ","Natural frequency of an oscillating system"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Restoring force","The force which tends to bring an oscillating body towards its mean position whenever it is displaced from the mean position is called the restoring force"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Retardation","Negative acceleration is called retardation. In retardation the velocity of a body decreases with time."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Reverberation","Apparent increase in volume caused by reflections, usually arriving within 0.1 second after the original sound"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Revolution","One full circle (2π)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Rotational Inertia","Measure of the reluctance of an object to change its rotation"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Rydberg's constant ","R= 1.097 x 107 m-1"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Scalar Quantity","A physical quantity, which is described completely by its magnitude, is called a scalar quantity."]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Scientific law","A relationship between quantities, usually described by an equation in the physical sciences; is more important and describes a wider range of phenomena than a scientific principle"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Scientific principle","A relationship between quantities concerned with a specific, or narrow range of observations and behavior"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Second","The standard unit of time in both the metric and English systems of measurement"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Secondary coil","Part of a transformer, a coil of wire in which the voltage of the original alternating current in the primary coil is stepped up or down by way of electromagnetic induction"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Series","Electrical connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Show ","Give evidence for"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Significant figures ","How many numbers you use to write an answer"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Simple Circuits","A circuit that has only one pathway for electricity to flow through"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Simple harmonic motion","The vibratory motion that occurs when there is a restoring force opposite to and proportional to a displacement"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Simple Pendulum","A heavy point mass (actually a small metallic ball), suspended by a light inextensible string from a frictionless rigid support is called a simple pendulum. A simple pendulum is a simple machine based on the effect of gravity."]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Size ","Magnitude (how big something is)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Sketch ","Draw roughly"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Slit ","Gap /Aperture"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Solenoid","A cylindrical coil of wire that becomes electromagnetic when a current runs through it"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Sonic boom","Sound waves that pile up into a shock wave when a source is traveling at or faster than the speed of sound"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Sound waves ","Longitudinal wave that requires a medium (travels at 340ms -1 in air)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Sources of EMF","Battery, generators, solar cells"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Spectra ","Separation of electromagnetic spectrum into its discrete frequencies (e.g. ROYGBIV for visible light)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Spectrum ","The dispersion of white light into its component colours"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Speed","The distance traveled by a body in one unit of time is called its speed. If a body covers distance s in time t then its speed is given by s / t. It is a scalar quantity and its SI units are ms-1."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Spring constant","Force required to extend or compress a spring by one metre"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Standing waves","Condition where two waves of equal frequency traveling in opposite directions meet and form stationary regions of maximum displacement due to constructive interference and stationary regions of zero displacement due to destructive interference"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","State ","A short response"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","State of Motion","When a body changes its position with respect to a fixed point in its surroundings then it is said to be in a state of motion. The states of rest and motion are relative to the frame of reference."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","State of Rest","When a body does not change its position with respect to a fixed point in its surrounding, then it is said to be in a state of rest. The states of rest and motion are relative to the frame of reference."]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Straightforward problems ","A problem that only requires one step to solve"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Superconductors","Some materials in which, under certain conditions, the electrical resistance approaches zero"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Superimposed","When two or more waves occupy the same position at the same time, they become 'overlapped' and show a combined pattern."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Superposition of pulses ","Addition of wave pulses"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Tangential velocity","Velocity in a perpendicular direction to the centripetal force at a given instant"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Tension force","Force in object that opposes them being stretched"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Terminals ","Ends of a battery that a circuit is connected t"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Tesla ","Unit of Magnetic field strength"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Thermal radiation","Heat radiation. Electromagnetic waves with frequencies in the infrared range lower than the red end of the visible spectrum."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Threshold frequency ","The minimum frequency of photons that cause electrons to be emitted from a metal surface"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Time constant ","Time for voltage/current to change by 63% (Capacitor or Inductor)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Time Period (of a wave)","The time taken by a wave to travel through a distance equal to its wavelength is called its time period. It is denoted by T. Time period of a wave = 1/frequency of the wave."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Time Period (of an oscillation)","The time taken to complete one oscillation is called the time period of an oscillation. The time period of a pendulum does not depend upon the mass of the bob and amplitude of oscillation. The time period of a pendulum is directly proportional to the square root of the length and inversely proportional to the square root of the acceleration due to gravity."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Torque","Turning force (not applied through the centre of mass)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Total internal reflection","Condition where all light is reflected back from a boundary between materials; occurs when light arrives at a boundary at the critical angle or beyond"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Transformers","A device that transfers electric current from one circuit or set of circuits to another, by means of electromagnetic induction and usually for the purpose of changing voltage."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Transverse waves","A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in a direction perpendicular of the direction of propagation of wave is called the transverse wave. Water waves, light waves and radio waves are examples of transverse waves."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Trough","The point of maximum negative displacement on a transverse wave is called a trough."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Ultrasonic","Sound waves too high in frequency to be heard by the human ear; frequencies above 20,000Hz"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Unbalanced forces","When a number of forces act on a body and the resultant force is not zero, then the forces are said to be unbalanced."]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Understanding ","Knowing (and being able to explain) how something works"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Uniform Acceleration","When the velocity of a body increases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time it is said to have uniform acceleration."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Uniform Circular Motion","The motion of an object in a circular path with uniform speed is called uniform circular motion. Uniform circular motion is accelerated motion."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Uniform electric field ","An electric field of constant strength where field lines are parallel and equally spaced"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Uniform Speed","When a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time then it is said to have uniform speed."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Uniform Velocity","When a body travels along a straight line in particular direction and covers equal distances in equal intervals of time it is said to have uniform velocity."]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Units ","What a quantity is measured in e.g. ms-1"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Universal Gravitational Constant","6.67 x 10-11 Used in the formula for Newton’s Law on universal gravitation"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Universal law of gravitation","Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centers of the two masses"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Unpolarised light","Light consisting of transverse waves vibrating in all conceivable random directions"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Unstable nucleus","A nucleus that spontaneously undergoes change, which involves emission of radiation from the nucleus."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Vector addition","Numerically add vectors by use of Pythagoras’s theorem (c2 = a2 + b2 providing vectors are at right angles to each other) to calculate magnitude and direction"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Vector components","A vector (e.g. Force) separated into vertical and horizontal components"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Vector diagram","Scale diagram to show magnitude and direction of vectors"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Vector Quantity","A quantity, which needs both magnitude and direction to describe it, is called a vector quantity. Such a physical quantity should also follow the vector law of addition."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Velocity","Distance traveled by a body in a particular direction per unit time is called its velocity. It can also be defined as the displacement of the body per unit time. It is a vector quantity. The SI units of velocity are ms-1."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Vertical component","Vector quantities can be separated into two components at 90O to each other – horizontal and vertical"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Vibration","A back and forth motion that repeats itself"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Voltage ","Measure of energy per unit charge (W/Q)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Voltage - current characteristics ","Graphical representation of voltage against current for a particular component"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Voltage drop","The electric potential difference across a resistor or other part of a circuit that consumes power"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Voltmeter ","Device that measures voltage and is connected in parallel to a component"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Watt","Metric unit for power; equivalent to joule/sec"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Wave","A disturbance or oscillation that moves through a medium"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Wave (Mechanical)","A periodic disturbance produced in a material medium due to the vibratory motion of the particles of the medium is called a wave."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Wave crest ","Top of the wave"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Wave direction ","Direction which wave is travelling (wave front will be at 90 o to this)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Wave front ","Point on wave where waves have the same path length from the source"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Wave motion","The movement of a disturbance produced in one part of a medium to another involving the transfer of energy but not the transfer of matter is called wave motion."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Wave period","The time required for two successive crests or other successive parts of the wave to pass a given point"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Wave velocity","The distance traveled by a wave in one second is called the wave velocity. The wave velocity of a wave depends upon the nature of the medium through which it passes."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Wavelength","The distance between the two nearest points on a wave, which are in the same phase, is called the wavelength of the wave. The distance between two adjacent crests or two adjacent troughs is called its wavelength."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Weight","The force with which a body is attracted towards the center of the earth is called its weight. The SI unit of weight is N. The weight of a body of mass m is given by mg. Its value will depend upon the value of g at that place."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Weightless","Apparent loss of weight of a body in free-fall"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Weightlessness","The state when the apparent weight of a body becomes zero is called the state of weightlessness. All objects while falling freely under the action of gravity appear weightless."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Work","Work is done when force acting on a body moves it. Work is a scalar quantity. The SI unit for work is Joule."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Work function ","Minimum energy needed for electrons to escape a metal surface during photoelectric effect"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Workings ","Mathematical steps showing use of a formula to reach a final answer"]

{"sheet":"ALL","index":6,"n_rows":783,"n_cols":3,"rows_kept":783,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[]
[null,"absolute zero"," coldest temperature possible, particles have no motion"]
[null,"absorption of food"," moving food molecules from the gut to the blood "]
[null,"absorption of light"," occurs when light waves are captured by an object"]
[null,"acceleration"," increase in speed of an object "]
[null,"acid"," chemical that releases hydrogen ions when in solution, turns litmus paper red or pink"]
[null,"acid particles"," particles that an acid releases when in solution; hydrogen (H+) ions "]
[null,"acidic properties"," properties of a family of chemicals called acids "]
[null,"acidic rain"," rain that is more acidic than normal "]
[null,"acidic solution"," solution with an excess of acid particles (hydrogen ions, H+) "]
[null,"acidity"," strength of an acidic solution "]
[null,"action-reaction"," every action force creates an equal and opposite reaction force "]
[null,"active energy"," type of energy being used to do something"]
[null,"adaptation"," feature that enables an organism to survive and reproduce "]
[null,"aerobic respiration"," type of respiration that occurs when oxygen is abundant "]
[null,"alkali"," a base that will dissolve in water, substance that turns litmus paper blue  "]
[null,"alkaline solution"," solution with a pH above 7  "]
[null,"alkalinity"," strength of an alkaline solution  "]
[null,"alloy"," mixture of a metal and other chemicals "]
[null,"alloying"," mixing other chemicals into a molten metal  "]
[null,"alternating current"," current that keeps changing direction  "]
[null,"alveoli"," tiny air bags in lungs where gas exchange occurs  "]
[null,"amino acid"," small molecules that proteins are made out of  "]
[null,"ammeter"," meter used to measure size of a current "]
[null,"amorphous solid"," solid with no regular crystalline shape"]
[null,"ampere or amp (A)"," unit of current "]
[null,"amplitude"," maximum height of the line on a seismograph above the mid-line "]
[null,"amplitude"," amount of movement or vibration that a wave creates"]
[null,"anaerobic respiration"," type of respiration that occurs in a shortage of oxygen "]
[null,"angle of incidence"," angle between the incident ray and the normal"]
[null,"angle of reflection"," angle between the reflected ray and the normal"]
[null,"angle of refraction"," angle between the refracted ray and the normal"]
[null,"antacid"," chemical that counters the effect of an acid "]
[null,"anther"," male organ of a flower, which produces pollen grains"]
[null,"anus"," opening through which indigestible material is disposed of from the gut "]
[null,"appliance"," personal or household object that runs on electricity"]
[null,"artery"," tube that carries blood away from the heart "]
[null,"asexual reproduction"," production of genetically identical offspring by a single parent"]
[null,"atmosphere"," layers of gas surrounding a planet "]
[null,"atom"," basic building block of matter"]
[null,"atomic number"," number of protons in the nucleus of an atom "]
[null,"atoms"," extremely small particles that all matter is made of "]
[null,"auditory nerve"," nerve that sends impulses from the ear to the brain "]
[null,"average speed, vav"," mean speed over a journey "]
[null,"axis"," line around which rotation occurs"]
[null,"balance"," instrument for finding the mass of an object or substance "]
[null,"balanced forces"," equal and opposite forces "]
[null,"balancing equations"," ensuring that each side of a chemical equation has a balanced number of each type of atom "]
[null,"ball and socket joint"," joint that allows a limb to move freely in most directions "]
[null,"basalt lava"," lava that is formed from melted mantle rock  "]
[null,"base"," chemical that removes acid particles from a solution  "]
[null,"basic solution"," solution that has a pH in excess of 7  "]
[null,"behavioural adaptation"," activity of an organism that aids survival or reproduction "]
[null,"Big Bang theory","theory that the universe started incredibly small and then expanded extremely rapidly"]
[null,"binary fission"," reproducing by splitting into two organisms"]
[null,"biologists"," scientists who studies the properties, behaviour and relationships of organisms"]
[null,"biology"," study of organisms"]
[null,"biosphere"," layer on the surface of Earth in which life exists"]
[null,"biotic factor"," another species that affects a particular species in its habitat "]
[null,"black hole"," heavenly object that sucks in surrounding matter"]
[null,"blow moulding"," soft plastic expanded in a mould using air pressure "]
[null,"boiling"," rapid change of state from a liquid to gas"]
[null,"boiling point"," temperature at which a liquid boils into a gas"]
[null,"bond"," attractive force between atoms that holds them together"]
[null,"bond (chemical)"," force of attraction between atoms that holds atoms together "]
[null,"bone marrow"," tissue inside bones that produces red blood cells "]
[null,"bones"," rigid components of the support system of vertebrate  animals "]
[null,"brain"," control centre of the nervous system "]
[null,"brain stem"," part of brain that controls automatic activities "]
[null,"bronchus"," tube that runs from the trachea to a lung "]
[null,"brownian motion"," random motion of small particles in air or water"]
[null,"canine teeth"," pointed teeth used to grasp and tear food  "]
[null,"capillary"," fine network of blood vessels running past cells  "]
[null,"carbohydrate"," food type consisting of sugars and starches  "]
[null,"carbon compound"," compound with carbon atoms bonded to each other and other types of atoms "]
[null,"carbon cycle"," transfer of carbon atoms through living communities followed by its recycling through the environment "]
[null,"carbon dioxide test"," the gas turns clear limewater milky "]
[null,"carbonates"," compounds that release carbon dioxide gas when put in an acidic solution "]
[null,"carnivore"," animal species that eats animals only "]
[null,"cartilage"," non-stick substance found where bones rub against each other "]
[null,"catalyst"," chemical that speeds up a reaction but is not used up"]
[null,"cell"," building block of organisms"]
[null,"cell division"," occurs when a single cell divides into two, each with an identical copy of the organism’s genes"]
[null,"cell membrane"," outer surface of a cell"]
[null,"cell nucleus"," the control centre of the cell, which contains the genes"]
[null,"cell wall"," plants have this rigid layer outside their cell membrane"]
[null,"cells"," building blocks of organisms "]
[null,"Celsius scale"," temperature scale used by most thermometers"]
[null,"cerebellum"," part of the brain that ensures movements are coordinated "]
[null,"cerebral cortex"," part of the brain concerned with thinking "]
[null,"change of state"," change between any of the states of matter"]
[null,"charge"," either positive or negative "]
[null,"charge separation"," transfer of charged particles from one conductor to another, often done by rubbing "]
[null,"charged particles"," particles that have an electrical charge, either positive or negative "]
[null,"chemical change"," occurs when new substances with different chemical properties are produced"]
[null,"chemical cycle"," recycling of chemical elements from the living community to the physical environment and back again "]
[null,"chemical digestion"," breakdown of large food molecules into smaller soluble ones by enzymes in the gut "]
[null,"chemical energy"," energy stored in the bonds between atoms "]
[null,"chemical equation"," describing a reaction using chemical formula"]
[null,"chemical formula"," chemical symbol for an atom, molecule or compound"]
[null,"chemical name"," scientific name for an element or compound"]
[null,"chemical potential energy"," energy held in the bonds between atoms"]
[null,"chemical property"," how a substance reacts with another type of substance"]
[null,"chemical reaction"," occurs when new substances are formed "]
[null,"chemical symbol"," unique letter code for an element"]
[null,"chemical symbols"," unique shorthand codes for each type of atom/element "]
[null,"chemical weathering"," breakdown of rocks through chemical  reactions "]
[null,"chemicals"," substances that are studied by chemists"]
[null,"chemist"," scientist who studies the properties and behaviour of chemicals"]
[null,"chemistry"," study of the properties and behaviour of chemicals"]
[null,"chlorophyll"," chemical found in leaves that traps light waves"]
[null,"chromosome"," structure found in the cell nucleus that carries the genes "]
[null,"circuit"," a complete conducting pathway "]
[null,"circuit diagram"," simple way of drawing electrical circuits "]
[null,"circulation"," transportion of food, water and oxygen around the organism"]
[null,"circulatory system"," system of the body which transports food, oxygen, hormones, heat and wastes around the body "]
[null,"circumference"," distance around a circle or sphere"]
[null,"class"," group of related orders of organisms"]
[null,"classification"," sorting into groups of similar or related organisms"]
[null,"climate change"," changes to the climate caused by increasing levels of ‘greenhouse’ gases in the atmosphere "]
[null,"cochlea"," coiled tube in the inner ear that converts sound energy into electrical impulses "]
[null,"colony"," collection of similar cells"]
[null,"colour"," property of light waves that our eyes can distinguish, related to wavelength"]
[null,"combustion"," rapid chemical reaction that occurs between a substance and oxygen involving burning"]
[null,"commensalism"," where one species assists another for no return "]
[null,"community"," all the different species living in a particular location "]
[null,"compass"," object with a magnetised needle that is free to rotate "]
[null,"competition"," occurs when two species living in the same area require the same resource "]
[null,"complete combustion"," when a substance is burnt in an abundance of oxygen "]
[null,"component"," object in an electrical circuit "]
[null,"compound"," chemical made out of different types of atoms that are bonded together "]
[null,"compressible"," able to be squashed"]
[null,"compression"," squashing an object "]
[null,"concentrated solution"," liquid with a high concentration of solute molecules"]
[null,"condensation"," occurs when water vapour turns into liquid water"]
[null,"conduction"," transfer of thermal energy along a solid object"]
[null,"conductivity"," how well a substance conducts electricity or thermal  energy"]
[null,"conductor"," object that allows a current or heat to flow through it "]
[null,"constant speed"," travelling at same speed "]
[null,"constellation"," groups of stars that are close together in the sky"]
[null,"consumer"," organism that eats other animals or plants"]
[null,"contact force"," object generating the force must touch the object being acted on "]
[null,"continental crust"," less dense crust that continents are formed out of "]
[null,"continental drift"," theory that continents plough through the sea floor "]
[null,"contraction"," process of getting smaller, often due to cooling"]
[null,"convection"," thermal energy transfer by currents occurring in a gas or liquid"]
[null,"convection current"," bulk movement in a liquid or gas due to heating "]
[null,"convergent boundary"," plate boundary where plates are colliding in very slow motion, crust may be forced down towards the mantle "]
[null,"cooperation"," occurs when individual organisms or species interact to their mutual benefit "]
[null,"coordination"," processing of sensory information and integrating the responses "]
[null,"Earths core "," intensely hot, central region of the planet "]
[null,"cornea"," transparent outer layer of the eye "]
[null,"corrosion"," metal surfaces react when exposed to air   "]
[null,"cotyledon"," food store within a seed"]
[null,"crests"," high points of a sea wave"]
[null,"critical angle"," angle of incidence that gives an angle of refraction of 90°"]
[null,"cross-pollination"," transfer of pollen from one plant to another of same species"]
[null,"crust"," thin, semi-rigid, brittle outer surface of Planet Earth  "]
[null,"crystal"," solid that has a regular geometric shape"]
[null,"current"," movement in a liquid or gas"]
[null,"current controller"," a component that determines the size of a current "]
[null,"current electricity"," flow of electrons around a conducting pathway "]
[null,"electric current"," flow of charged particles (electrons) around a conducting  pathway "]
[null,"cytoplasm"," jelly-like interior of a cell where chemical reactions occur"]
[null,"deceleration"," decrease in the speed of an object "]
[null,"decomposer"," organism that breaks down dead organisms"]
[null,"degrees Celsius"," unit of the Celsius temperature scale"]
[null,"dehydrate"," dry out through excessive water loss"]
[null,"density"," mass of a standard volume of a substance "]
[null,"density"," mass of a fixed volume of matter"]
[null,"deoygenated blood"," dark-red blood which has very low levels of oxygen "]
[null,"diameter"," distance from one side of a circle or sphere to the other side through the centre"]
[null,"diaphragm"," muscular sheet that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen "]
[null,"diffusion"," movement of molecules from high to low concentration  zones "]
[null,"digestion"," process of breaking large molecules down into small absorbable ones "]
[null,"digestive enzyme"," chemical that breaks down food molecules"]
[null,"digestive system"," system of the body which is involved in taking in food (ingestion), breaking it down (digestion), and then absorbing it into the blood system "]
[null,"dilute solution"," liquid with a low concentration of solute molecules"]
[null,"diode"," device that lets current travel in one direction only "]
[null,"direct current"," electrical current that travels in one direction only "]
[null,"disinfectant"," chemical that kills micro-organisms  "]
[null,"dispersal"," spreading of seeds away from the parent plant"]
[null,"dispersion"," splitting up of white light into the colours of the spectrum"]
[null,"dissolving"," occurs when a solid disappears into a liquid"]
[null,"Distance- time graph","graph of distance travelled plotted against time taken "]
[null,"distance, d"," how far an object has travelled  "]
[null,"divergent boundary"," boundary where plates are moving apart, resulting in the formation of new crust in between "]
[null,"dormant"," in a non-active state"]
[null,"dormant volcano"," inactive volcano "]
[null,"drag"," friction created when a solid passes through air or water "]
[null,"ductile"," able to be stretched into a new shape "]
[null,"dynamo"," another name for an electrical generator "]
[null,"eardrum"," tough membrane at the end of the ear hole which vibrates when sound waves strike it "]
[null,"earthquake"," shaking of the ground caused by the sudden movement of block of crust along a fault line "]
[null,"earthquake waves"," distinct movements of the ground as shock waves from a fracture in the crust pass by "]
[null,"ecology"," study of the relationships amongst species and with the environment "]
[null,"ecosystem"," community interacting with its physical environment "]
[null,"effort force, E"," force applied to a lever "]
[null,"egg"," female gamete (sex cell); larger than the male gamete and immobile "]
[null,"ejaculation"," spurting of semen from the penis "]
[null,"elastic potential energy"," energy stored in compressed or stretched objects "]
[null,"electric motor"," device that converts electrical energy into kinetic energy "]
[null,"electrical charge"," charge can be either positive or negative"]
[null,"electrical conductor"," object that allows a current to pass "]
[null,"electrical current"," flow of charged particles through a conductor "]
[null,"electrical energy"," energy associated with the movement of charged particles "]
[null,"electrical energy"," involves the flow of electrons along a conductor"]
[null,"electrical force field"," field created when electrical charges are separated "]
[null,"electrical impulse"," wave of electrical energy that travels along a neurone "]
[null,"electrical insulator"," substance that does not allow electrical current to pass through it "]
[null,"electrically neutral"," neither positively nor negatively charged "]
[null,"electricity"," form of energy that can travel along conductors "]
[null,"electromagnet"," current-carrying coil wrapped around an iron bar "]
[null,"electromagnetic effect"," magnetic field created by a current in a conductor "]
[null,"electromagnetic induction"," making electricity by moving a wire near a magnet "]
[null,"electromagnetic spectrum"," the complete range of different types of radiation"]
[null,"electromagnetic wave"," electrical and magnetic ripples that keep interacting to create the wave"]
[null,"electromagnetism"," magnetic effect associated with an electrical current "]
[null,"electron shell/ energy shell"," space around the atomic nucleus in which electrons with a particular amount of energy exist "]
[null,"electrons"," negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,"element"," pure substance made up of one type of atom only"]
[null,"embryo"," early stage in the development of an organism"]
[null,"energy"," something needed to do or change things"]
[null,"energy budget"," how energy is allocated within a system "]
[null,"energy chain"," series of transformations from one type of energy to another"]
[null,"energy conservation"," energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one type to another"]
[null,"energy efficiency"," percentage of energy used effectively by an appliance"]
[null,"energy flow"," one-directional movement of energy through an ecosystem "]
[null,"energy input"," energy used by an appliance"]
[null,"energy output"," energy released by an appliance"]
[null,"energy shell model"," model of the atom in which electrons occupy energy shells (layers) around the nucleus"]
[null,"energy story"," tracing the source of energy back through an energy  chain"]
[null,"energy supplier"," component such as a battery or power pack that supplies a voltage gain "]
[null,"energy transfer"," when energy is transferred from one object to another without changing its form"]
[null,"energy transformation"," change from one type of energy to another"]
[null,"energy user"," object that converts electrical energy into other forms of energy "]
[null,"energy, E"," something that is required to move or change things "]
[null,"environmental reservoir"," component of the physical environment in which large amounts of an essential element for living communities are stored "]
[null,"enzyme"," biological chemical that speeds up a chemical reaction "]
[null,"epicentre"," point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake "]
[null,"epidermal layer"," outer layer of cells of a leaf"]
[null,"equator"," imaginary line encircling Earth midway between poles"]
[null,"erect image"," image that is the right way up"]
[null,"erection"," occurs when the penis fills with blood and becomes stiff and erect "]
[null,"erosion cycle"," break-up, transport and deposition of rock material "]
[null,"eruption"," release of lava, ash and gas from a volcanic vent  "]
[null,"evaporation"," slow change from liquid to gas state"]
[null,"excretion"," removal and disposal of wastes from the blood  "]
[null,"expansion"," process of getting larger due to the effects of heating"]
[null,"extrusion moulding"," soft, heated plastic is forced out in a continuous shape "]
[null,"eye"," sense organ that detects light and colour "]
[null,"family"," group of similar genera of organisms"]
[null,"fatty acid"," small molecules that fats and oils (lipids) are made out of "]
[null,"fault line"," plane along which blocks of the crust slip past each other "]
[null,"feeding role"," how a species obtains its food within a community "]
[null,"female gamete"," another name for an egg"]
[null,"female reproductive system"," system of the female’s body which produce eggs, receives sperm and nurtures the growing embryo "]
[null,"fertile"," able to produce offspring"]
[null,"fertilisation"," fusing of male and female gametes to form a zygote"]
[null,"focus"," underground location of the fracture in the crust that causes an earthquake "]
[null,"food"," materials consumed in order to supply the body with energy for activities and chemicals for growth "]
[null,"food chain"," series of organisms showing who eats whom"]
[null,"food molecules"," chemicals such as starches, sugars, fats, oils and proteins "]
[null,"food web"," all the feeding connections amongst the species living in a community "]
[null,"force field"," region in which an electrical, magnetic or gravitational force has an effect "]
[null,"force meter"," meter used to measure the size of a force  "]
[null,"force of gravity"," attractive force associated with matter  "]
[null,"force, F"," either a push or a pull "]
[null,"forces of attraction"," forces that pull objects together"]
[null,"formula"," mathematical expression of the relationship between different variables (quantities) "]
[null,"formula equation"," chemical equation described using chemical symbols "]
[null,"fossil"," transformed remains (or an impression in rock) of an organism that lived a long time ago "]
[null,"fossil fuel"," fuel (e.g. oil) created from the remains of organisms over millions of years"]
[null,"fracture"," a sudden break in the crust caused by stress forces "]
[null,"free electrons"," outer electrons that are able to move freely in a metal"]
[null,"free motion"," occurs when particles are able to move freely past each other"]
[null,"freezing"," change of state from liquid to solid"]
[null,"freezing point"," temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid"]
[null,"frequency"," number of crests, compressions or cycles per second"]
[null,"friction"," force that arises when objects or substances rub together "]
[null,"fuel"," substance that contains chemical potential energy"]
[null,"fulcrum"," a fixed point around which an object can be rotated "]
[null,"fuse"," a thin wire that melts if a current is too large "]
[null,"g"," acceleration caused by the Earth’s mass (10 ms-2) "]
[null,"galaxy"," vast collection of stars held together by gravity"]
[null,"galvanising"," coating a steel object with a thin layer of zinc, which prevents it from rusting "]
[null,"gametes"," special cells involved in sexual reproduction; egg and sperm"]
[null,"gamma rays"," high-energy electromagnetic waves produced by nuclear reactions in the Sun "]
[null,"gas"," state of matter that has no fixed shape and fills a container"]
[null,"gas exchange"," exchange of gases between an organism and its environment "]
[null,"gene"," inherited instruction that influences some feature of an organism "]
[null,"generator"," device that produces electricity "]
[null,"genes"," coded instructions that determine how the organism will develop and function"]
[null,"genus"," group of closely related species"]
[null,"geologist"," scientist who studies the processes that shape the crust "]
[null,"geology"," study of processes that shape the crust  "]
[null,"geosphere"," solid surface of Planet Earth and its interior  "]
[null,"geotropism"," growth of roots downwards into soil"]
[null,"germination"," start of growth of a seed"]
[null,"glacier"," huge, slowly moving body of ice "]
[null,"global warming"," increase in the average global surface temperature in response to increasing levels of ‘greenhouse’ gases in the atmosphere "]
[null,"glowing splint test"," test for oxygen gas, it ignites again"]
[null,"glucose"," sugar produced in photosynthesis"]
[null,"gram (g)"," unit of mass "]
[null,"gravitational potential energy"," energy possessed by objects that have been lifted up"]
[null,"gravity"," force of attraction between bodies that have mass "]
[null,"gravity field"," area in which an object’s gravitational pull is experienced"]
[null,"grazing"," animals feeding on plants "]
[null,"greenhouse effect"," warming of Earth’s surface due to infra- red radiation being returned to the surface "]
[null,"greenhouse gases"," atmospheric gases that absorb then emit infra-red waves "]
[null,"growth"," increase in size of an organism"]
[null,"guard cells"," cells on a leaf’s surface that control the entry and exit of gases"]
[null,"gut"," see digestive system "]
[null,"habitat"," places where a species lives "]
[null,"haemoglobin"," chemical in the blood that transports oxygen molecules "]
[null,"heart"," organ that pumps blood around body "]
[null,"heat"," thermal energy in transit from a hotter to a colder body"]
[null,"heat energy"," see thermal energy"]
[null,"heat transfer"," the transfer of thermal energy from a hotter to a colder object"]
[null,"herbivore"," animal species that eats plants only "]
[null,"herbivore"," organism that consumes plants for food"]
[null,"hertz"," unit for frequency (cycles per second)"]
[null,"hinge joint"," type of joint that allows movement of part of a limb in one plane only "]
[null,"hormones"," chemical messengers made by different organs of the body, which travel in the blood "]
[null,"hydrogen gas test"," a lighted stick causes the gas to explode with a ‘pop’ "]
[null,"hydrogen ion"," a positively charged hydrogen atom "]
[null,"hydrosphere"," consists of interconnected oceans, lakes, rivers and bodies of ice "]
[null,"hydrotropism"," growth of root tips in the soil towards water"]
[null,"hydroxide"," chemical compound formed when metal ions bond to hydroxide ions "]
[null,"hydroxide ion"," ion released when an alkali dissolves in water "]
[null,"hyphae"," fine feeding threads of fungi"]
[null,"hypothesis"," statement that can be tested by an experiment"]
[null,"ice point"," temperature of melting ice"]
[null,"ignite"," set on fire "]
[null,"illusion"," image of an object that tricks one’s eyes"]
[null,"image"," view of an object at a place other than where the object is"]
[null,"incident ray"," incoming light ray"]
[null,"incisor teeth"," chisel-shaped teeth that are used to cut food "]
[null,"incomplete combustion"," when a substance burns in a limited supply of oxygen "]
[null,"indicator"," substance used to indicate whether a solution is acidic or alkaline "]
[null,"infection"," occurs when a micro-organism infects a plant or animal causing a disease or death "]
[null,"infra-red (IR) waves"," long wavelength, low-energy electromagnetic  waves "]
[null,"infrared radiation"," type of radiant energy that heats objects"]
[null,"ingestion"," process of taking food into the digestive system "]
[null,"injection moulding"," soft, heated plastic is forced into a mould "]
[null,"insoluble"," does not dissolve in a particular liquid "]
[null,"insoluble solid"," solid that does not dissolve"]
[null,"instantaneous speed"," speed of an object at an instant of time "]
[null,"insulator"," object that does not allow electrical current to pass through it "]
[null,"interdependence"," relationship between two species that depend upon or are affected by each other in some way  "]
[null,"interstellar"," between stars"]
[null,"ion"," atom (or group of atoms) that has an overall electrical charge "]
[null,"ionosphere"," top layer of the atmosphere containing ions that absorb dangerous gamma rays "]
[null,"iris"," coloured muscular sheet that can contract or expand to alter the size of the pupil "]
[null,"joint"," site where bones are connected to each other allowing movement "]
[null,"joule"," unit of energy"]
[null,"kidney"," organ that removes waste chemical from the blood "]
[null,"kilogram (kg)"," 1000 grams "]
[null,"kilojoule"," 1000 joules"]
[null,"kilometre (km)"," 1000 metres "]
[null,"kinetic energy, Ek"," energy possessed by moving objects "]
[null,"kingdom"," group of similar phyla of organisms"]
[null,"lactic acid"," chemical formed in muscles when they are short of oxygen "]
[null,"lahar"," flow of mud and melted ice from a volcanic vent "]
[null,"large intestine"," part of the digestive system which is involved in reabsorbing water from the contents of the gut "]
[null,"laser light"," concentrated beam of mono-coloured light"]
[null,"laterally inverted image"," image in which the left and right sides of the object are swapped over"]
[null,"latitude"," distance north or south of the equator "]
[null,"lattice"," regular array of huge numbers of atoms or ions "]
[null,"lava"," liquid rock (magma) that flows from a volcanic vent "]
[null,"lava bomb"," blob of lava thrown out of a volcano into the air, which solidifies before it lands "]
[null,"Law of Energy Conservation"," energy cannot be created out of nothing, nor can it be lost or destroyed, but it can be changed from one type into another"]
[null,"law of magnetism"," unlike poles attract; like poles repel  "]
[null,"Law of Reflection (first)"," normal, incident and reflected rays always lie in the same plane"]
[null,"Law of Reflection (second)"," angle of reflection always equals the angle of incidence"]
[null,"Law of Refraction (first)"," if optical density of new medium is greater than that of old medium, then refracted ray will be bent towards normal"]
[null,"Law of Refraction (second)"," if optical density of new medium is less than that of old medium, then refracted ray will be bent away from normal"]
[null,"lens"," object inside the eye that focuses light onto the retina  "]
[null,"lever"," device that transforms a small force into a large one  "]
[null,"life history adaptation"," change in the form of an organism during its life cycle, which enables it to survive or reproduce more in its environment "]
[null,"life processes"," activities that all living organisms must carry out"]
[null,"ligament"," tough fibre that attaches bones to each other "]
[null,"light"," form of energy that illuminates objects/ that the eye is able to detect "]
[null,"light ray"," stream of light waves"]
[null,"light receptors"," cells in eye that are sensitive to one of the primary light colours (red, green or blue)"]
[null,"light source"," object able to generate its own light"]
[null,"light telescope"," used to collect and magnify light from distant objects"]
[null,"light waves"," electromagnetic waves that our eyes are able to detect "]
[null,"light year"," distance light travels through space in one year"]
[null,"limewater"," chemical used to test for carbon dioxide gas "]
[null,"lipid"," food type consisting of fats and oils "]
[null,"liquid"," state of matter that has a fixed volume and takes the shape of the container"]
[null,"litmus"," chemical that turns pink when in an acidic solution "]
[null,"load force, L"," force that a lever applies to an object "]
[null,"longitudinal waves"," particles vibrate parallel to the direction in which the wave is moving"]
[null,"lungs"," inflatable organs inside which gas exchange occurs "]
[null,"lustre"," shininess of a substance particularly metals "]
[null,"L-waves (Love waves)"," earthquake waves that cause the ground to roll "]
[null,"magma"," hot molten rock from inside the crust that occurs when tectonic plates collide "]
[null,"magma chamber"," space beneath a volcanic vent in which magma gathers before an eruption "]
[null,"magnet"," object that attracts iron, steel or nickel objects "]
[null,"magnetic force"," force associated with a magnet "]
[null,"magnetic force field"," area in which a magnet exerts a force "]
[null,"magnetic potential energy"," energy that an iron object may gain when held in a magnetic field"]
[null,"magnitude"," size of an object or wave "]
[null,"male gamete"," small mobile reproductive cell; sperm"]
[null,"male reproductive system"," system of the male’s body which produces and transfers sperm into the female "]
[null,"malleable"," able to be bent or hammered into a new shape "]
[null,"man-made satellite"," satellite made by humans"]
[null,"mantle"," a massive layer of very hot rock beneath oceanic and continental crust "]
[null,"mass, m"," amount of matter in an object or substance "]
[null,"matter"," substance that all objects and substances are made out of "]
[null,"mean"," average result for a set of measurements"]
[null,"mechanical digestion"," breaking up food into smaller lumps by biting and chewing "]
[null,"medium"," substance through which waves can travel"]
[null,"melting"," change of state from solid to liquid"]
[null,"melting point"," temperature at which a solid melts"]
[null,"menstrual cycle"," reproductive process inside women that includes ovulation and menstruation "]
[null,"menstrual period"," loss of the blood-lining from the uterus "]
[null,"Mercalli intensity scale"," scale used to assess damage caused by a quake "]
[null,"metabolism"," chemical processes occurring inside cells"]
[null,"metal"," chemical element that is shiny, strong and bendable as well as being a good conductor of heat and electricity "]
[null,"metal hydroxide"," chemical compound in which metal atoms are bonded to hydroxide ions "]
[null,"metals"," elements that are solid, shiny, bendable and conduct heat and electricity well"]
[null,"meteorite"," rock from space that hits a planet’s or a moon’s surface "]
[null,"metre"," basic unit of length "]
[null,"micro-organisms"," bacteria and fungi that can be seen only under a microscope "]
[null,"microscope"," optical instrument for viewing small objects "]
[null,"mid-ocean ridge"," ridge running parallel to the seafloor boundary between two tectonic plates; region where new oceanic crust is being formed "]
[null,"Milky Way galaxy"," the galaxy that the Solar System is in"]
[null,"mineral"," soil chemical needed by plants in small amounts"]
[null,"mineral acid"," acid manufactured from a mineral "]
[null,"mixture"," occurs when chemicals are mixed together but do not react"]
[null,"models"," ways of visualising objects that we cannot see"]
[null,"molar teeth"," flat-topped teeth used to grind food "]
[null,"molecule"," small group of atoms that are bonded together because they share electrons "]
[null,"momentum"," tendency of objects to keep moving"]
[null,"monomers"," small molecules that are joined up to form polymers "]
[null,"Moon"," natural satellite that orbits Planet Earth"]
[null,"motion"," changing position over time "]
[null,"motor effect"," force on a current-carrying wire held near a magnet "]
[null,"motor neurone"," nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses to a muscle "]
[null,"mountain building"," uplift and crumpling of Earth’s crust "]
[null,"movement"," moving the whole or part of an organism"]
[null,"multicellular organism"," organism made of many cells"]
[null,"muscle"," tissue that can contract to move organs "]
[null,"mutualism"," two species provide each other with different resources "]
[null,"natural polymers"," polymers made by living organisms  "]
[null,"natural satellite"," natural object that orbits a larger body"]
[null,"negative ion"," atoms with more electrons than protons  "]
[null,"negative terminal"," terminal of a battery or power pack that has excess electrons "]
[null,"negatively charged"," an atom or object that has gained extra electrons "]
[null,"nephron"," filtering unit found inside a kidney "]
[null,"nerve"," collection of neurones (nerve cells) connecting the central nervous system to an organ "]
[null,"nervous system"," system of the body which includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves "]
[null,"net force"," combined effect of the forces acting on an object  "]
[null,"neurone"," long, thin cell that conducts electrical impulses  "]
[null,"neutral atom"," atom that is uncharged (electrically neutral)"]
[null,"neutral solution"," a solution that is neither acidic nor alkaline  "]
[null,"neutralise"," making the pH of a solution equal to 7 "]
[null,"neutron"," uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,"neutron star"," extremely dense remains of a collapsed star"]
[null,"newton (N)"," unit of force "]
[null,"Newton’s first law"," if forces are balanced then the motion of an object is constant "]
[null,"Newton’s second law"," an unbalanced force will cause a change in motion "]
[null,"Newton’s third law"," every action force creates an equal and opposite reaction force "]
[null,"niche"," description of the habitat, role and adaptations of a species "]
[null,"non-contact force"," object causing the force does not need to physically touch the object being acted on "]
[null,"non-metal"," chemical elements that are not metals "]
[null,"normal"," imaginary line perpendicular to where a light ray strikes a surface"]
[null,"north pole"," pole of a magnet that is north-seeking "]
[null,"nuclear potential energy"," type of energy stored in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,"nuclear reaction"," reaction involving the splitting or building up of atomic nuclei"]
[null,"nucleus (atom)"," central area of atom containing protons and neutrons "]
[null,"nucleus (cell)"," control centre of a cell where genes are located"]
[null,"nutrient recycling"," recycling of vital chemical elements through the physical environment back into the living community "]
[null,"nutrition"," process of acquiring, ingesting, digesting, absorbing and using food "]
[null,"oceanic crust"," sea-floor crust; crust formed along mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move slowly apart "]
[null,"odometer"," instrument used to measure kilometres travelled "]
[null,"oesophagus"," tube that transports chewed food from the mouth to the stomach "]
[null,"offspring"," new individuals produced by parent organisms opaque medium"]
[null,"ohm (O)"," unit of electrical resistance "]
[null,"omnivore"," animal species that eats plants and other animals "]
[null,"optic nerve"," nerve that sends impulses from the eye to the brain "]
[null,"optical instrument"," object such as binoculars, camera or telescope"]
[null,"optimum pH"," pH at which a reaction or an enzyme works best "]
[null,"orbit"," nearly circular path of a satellite around a planet"]
[null,"order"," group of related families of organisms"]
[null,"ore"," a compound of a metal, usually mined from the crust "]
[null,"organ"," part of an organism formed out of different tissues"]
[null,"organ system"," collection of organs that work together to carry out a life process, e.g. digestion"]
[null,"organelle"," microscopic structure found inside a cell, e.g. nucleus"]
[null,"organic acid"," acid containing carbon atoms "]
[null,"organism"," living object that carries out all of the life processes"]
[null,"osmosis"," natural movement of water molecules through a membrane, caused by diffusion"]
[null,"ovary"," female organ that produces female gametes (eggs)  "]
[null,"oviduct"," tube that leads from an ovary to the uterus  "]
[null,"ovulation"," release of an egg from an ovary "]
[null,"ovule"," part of a flower that develops into a seed"]
[null,"oxidation"," occurs when oxygen combines chemically with another  substance "]
[null,"oxide"," chemical compound in which positive ions are bonded to oxide ions "]
[null,"oxygen cycle"," recycling of oxygen atoms through the physical environment back into the living community "]
[null,"oxygen gas test"," glowing stick placed in this gas relights "]
[null,"oxygenated blood"," bright red blood that has come from the lungs "]
[null,"ozone layer"," layer of ozone gas in the atmosphere that absorbs ultraviolet  radiation"]
[null,"palisade layer"," layer of upright cells inside a leaf that carry out photosynthesis"]
[null,"pancreas"," gland that produces digestive enzymes and chemicals that neutralise the acidic liquid in the small intestine "]
[null,"parallel circuit"," electrical circuit in which there are two or more pathways "]
[null,"parasite"," organism that lives in or on a larger organism feeding off it"]
[null,"parasitism"," relationship between a parasite and the living host that it feeds on "]
[null,"particle theory"," all matter is made of tiny particles, either atoms, ions, or molecules"]
[null,"pathogen"," disease-causing micro-organism"]
[null,"pectoral girdle"," attaches arms to the spinal column; formed out of the shoulder and collar bones "]
[null,"pelvic girdle"," attaches legs to the spinal column; pelvis "]
[null,"penis"," external male sex organ used to transfer sperm into a female and to urinate "]
[null,"penumbra"," area partly in shadow"]
[null,"period"," time till the next crest or compression arrives"]
[null,"Periodic Table"," table of all the elements arranged to show"]
[null,"peristalsis"," muscular contractions of the gut which force food through it "]
[null,"permeable membrane"," membrane that lets some molecules pass through it"]
[null,"petiole"," stalk joining the leaf to a stem"]
[null,"pH"," degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution "]
[null,"phases of the Moon"," changing appearance of the Moon over a month"]
[null,"photosynthesis"," process in plants that traps sunlight energy and produces glucose and oxygen"]
[null,"phototropism"," curving growth of leaves and stems towards the light"]
[null,"phylum"," group of related classes of organisms"]
[null,"physical change"," change in some physical property of matter"]
[null,"physical environment"," non-living part of the environment of a species "]
[null,"physical factor"," condition in the habitat of a species such as light or temperature "]
[null,"physical property"," property of a substance not involving a chemical  reaction"]
[null,"physical weathering"," breaking down of rocks by physical agents such as frost "]
[null,"physiological adaptation"," an aspect of the functioning of an organism that aids survival or reproduction"]
[null,"pitch"," property of a sound that is related to its frequency"]
[null,"placenta"," organ belonging to the growing embryo that absorbs food and oxygen from the mother "]
[null,"plane"," flat two-dimensional surface"]
[null,"plane mirror"," mirror with a flat surface"]
[null,"planet"," large body orbiting around a star, e.g. Planet Earth"]
[null,"planisphere"," object used to locate and identify stars in the night sky"]
[null,"plankton"," microscopic plants and animals floating in water "]
[null,"plasma"," liquid part of blood "]
[null,"plastics"," carbon compounds that are flexible and can be readily shaped when heated "]
[null,"plate boundary"," where the edges of two tectonic plates meet "]
[null,"plate tectonics"," theory that the large plates forming Earth’s crust are in very slow motion "]
[null,"platelets"," objects that cause blood to clot when the skin is cut "]
[null,"plumule"," structure that develops into the first shoot of a plant"]
[null,"pluton"," rock mass formed when magma solidifies beneath surface of Earth’s crust "]
[null,"magnetic pole"," area on a magnet where the magnetic force field is concentrated "]
[null,"Earths pole"," imaginary point at top and bottom of a planet, lying along the axis of rotation"]
[null,"pollen"," tiny objects produced by flowers that contain sperm"]
[null,"pollen tube"," tube that grows from a pollen grain down into a flower to reach an egg"]
[null,"pollinating agent"," agent that transfers pollen, e.g. wind, insects"]
[null,"pollination"," transfer of pollen from the male to the female organs of flowers"]
[null,"polymer"," long-chain molecule formed out of many identical small molecules called monomers "]
[null,"polymerisation"," process of joining small molecules (monomers) into large chains (polymers) "]
[null,"pop-test"," test for hydrogen gas, sharp popping noise is heard"]
[null,"population"," group of similar organisms living in the same place "]
[null,"positive ion"," atom or molecule with fewer electrons than protons "]
[null,"positive terminal"," terminal of a battery or power pack that has excess positive charge "]
[null,"positively charged"," atom or object that has a deficiency of electrons "]
[null,"potential energy"," energy that is stored in an object in some way "]
[null,"potentiometer"," variable resistor that has a rotating dial "]
[null,"power, P"," total amount of energy supplied or used per second "]
[null,"predation"," occurs when one animal species eats members of another "]
[null,"predator"," animal species that preys on another animal species "]
[null,"pressure"," force acting per unit area "]
[null,"primary light colours"," lights that cannot be made by mixing together other coloured lights; red, green and blue light"]
[null,"primary waves"," see P-waves "]
[null,"prism"," triangular block of glass"]
[null,"producer"," organism able to capture light energy and make its own food, e.g. plant"]
[null,"product"," new chemical formed in a chemical reaction  "]
[null,"prostate gland"," organ of the male reproductive system that helps to make semen "]
[null,"protein"," type of food made of long chains of amino acids necessary for repair and growth"]
[null,"proton"," positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,"protoplanet"," early stage in the formation of a planet"]
[null,"puberty"," life stage at which reproductive organs mature and produce gametes (eggs or sperm) "]
[null,"pupil"," hole in the iris that allows light to enter the eyeball "]
[null,"pure substance"," substance that contains one type of chemical only"]
[null,"quantity"," amount of something that can be measured "]
[null,"radiant energy"," energy that travels as waves at the speed of light"]
[null,"radiation"," form of energy that travels as electromagnetic waves"]
[null,"radicle"," part of a seed that develops into the first root of the plant"]
[null,"radio telescope"," instrument used to detect radio waves coming from outer space"]
[null,"rainbow"," caused by raindrops dispersing sunlight into the visible  spectrum"]
[null,"ratio"," how many objects of one sort compared with another "]
[null,"reactant"," chemical that is used up in a reaction "]
[null,"reaction"," process in which new chemicals are formed"]
[null,"reactivity"," how strongly a chemical reacts with others"]
[null,"reactivity series"," order of chemical reactivity, particularly of metals "]
[null,"real image"," occurs when light rays actually pass through the point where the image is"]
[null,"rectum"," last section of the digestive system in which indigestible food is stored before being eliminated "]
[null,"red blood cells"," disc-shaped cells that transport oxygen molecules to the organs of the body "]
[null,"refine"," obtain a pure substance through a separation process "]
[null,"reflected ray"," light ray that bounces off the surface of a mirror or off water"]
[null,"reflection"," occurs when light rays bounce off the surface of a mirror or water"]
[null,"reflex arc"," automatic response of the body to a stimulus "]
[null,"refracted ray"," light ray after it has entered a new medium"]
[null,"refraction"," change in the direction of a light ray as it enters a new medium"]
[null,"relationship"," connection between two species in a community "]
[null,"relative density"," density of a substance compared to that of water"]
[null,"reproduction"," producing offspring (new organisms)"]
[null,"reproductive system"," system of the body involved in either making and transferring sperm (male) or making eggs and nurturing the growing embryo (female) "]
[null,"resistance"," property of a substance or component that makes it hard for electrons to pass through an object  "]
[null,"resistor"," component used to limit the current in a circuit "]
[null,"respiration"," process of releasing energy from food that occurs in all organisms"]
[null,"respiratory system"," system of the body involved in absorbing oxygen from the environment, making it available for respiration in body organs, and removing carbon dioxide from the body "]
[null,"retina"," part of eye that converts light energy into electrical impulses "]
[null,"rheostat"," variable resistor consisting of a large coil of resistance wire and a slider "]
[null,"Richter scale"," scale used to assess the magnitude of an earthquake "]
[null,"Ring of Fire"," ‘circle’ of volcanoes that encircle much of the rim of the Pacific Ocean "]
[null,"root hairs"," fine hair-like projections of roots that absorb water from the soil"]
[null,"rotation period"," time for an object to complete one rotation"]
[null,"rusting"," corrosion of iron when exposed to moist air "]
[null,"salinity"," saltiness of water "]
[null,"saliva"," liquid produced by the salivary glands that lubricates and digests food "]
[null,"salt"," compound formed when a metal reacts with an acid "]
[null,"saprophytism"," occurs when a species feeds on dead organisms "]
[null,"satellite"," object that orbits around a larger body such as a planet"]
[null,"saturated solution"," solution in which no more solid will dissolve"]
[null,"scientific formula"," equation that links several quantities "]
[null,"scrotum"," bag of skin between the legs that holds a male’s testicles "]
[null,"sea waves"," surface waves created by the wind"]
[null,"second (s)"," basic unit of time "]
[null,"secondary light colours"," light colours that can be made by mixing together primary colours"]
[null,"sediment"," fine pieces of solid material that settle out from the water at the bottom of a sea or lake "]
[null,"seed"," consists of an embryo plant and food supplies packaged inside a coat"]
[null,"seesaw-type lever"," effort and load forces act on opposite sides of the fulcrum "]
[null,"segment"," repeated unit forming the body of an organism"]
[null,"seismic activity"," shaking of the ground caused by slippage of blocks of the crust past each other "]
[null,"seismogram"," graph drawn by a seismograph "]
[null,"seismograph"," instrument used to measure the movements caused by earthquakes "]
[null,"self-pollination"," occurs when a flower pollinates itself"]
[null,"semen"," white liquid containing sperm that is ejaculated from the penis "]
[null,"semicircular canals"," organ attached to the inner ear that helps us to maintain our balance "]
[null,"sensitivity"," ability to detect and respond to environmental changes"]
[null,"sensory neurone"," nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses from a sense organ to brain "]
[null,"series circuit"," circuit in which all components are located in a single pathway "]
[null,"serum"," liquid part of the blood without its cells "]
[null,"sexual intercourse"," act of placing the penis inside the vagina and moving it in and out until orgasm occurs "]
[null,"sexual reproduction"," reproduction involving two parents; the offspring are different from the parents and from each other"]
[null,"shadow"," area where no light rays reach"]
[null,"similarities and trends"]
[null,"skeletal muscles"," muscles that are used to move limbs and the whole body "]
[null,"skeleton"," framework of bones that provide support for the body and allow motion "]
[null,"slope"," steepness of a graph line "]
[null,"small intestine"," part of the gut that is involved in digesting a wide variety of food types and in absorbing the soluble molecules that result "]
[null,"smelting"," extracting a metal from its ore "]
[null,"solar eclipse"," occurs when the Moon moves directly between the Sun and Earth"]
[null,"solar radiation"," radiation that comes from the Sun and which bathes Planet Earth "]
[null,"Solar System"," Sun and the planets that orbit it as well as their moons"]
[null,"solar system model"," model of the atom in which electrons"]
[null,"solenoid"," tightly wound coil of wire "]
[null,"solid"," state of matter that has a fixed shape and volume"]
[null,"solubility"," describes how much solid will dissolve in a liquid"]
[null,"solubility curve"," shows the amount of solid that will dissolve ina liquid at different temperatures"]
[null,"soluble"," able to be dissolved "]
[null,"solute"," solid that dissolves into a liquid"]
[null,"solution"," occurs when a solid has dissolved in a liquid"]
[null,"solvent"," liquid in which a solid dissolves"]
[null,"sound"," form of energy associated with vibrating air molecules "]
[null,"sound energy"," type of energy involving waves in the air that have been produced by vibrating objects"]
[null,"sound waves"," waves that alternately compress and expand air molecules as they pass "]
[null,"space-filling model"," model of the atom in which the atom is considered to act as a solid ball"]
[null,"species"," group of similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring"]
[null,"species name"," unique two-word name for members of a species"]
[null,"spectrum"," all the colours of the rainbow that make up sunlight"]
[null,"speed"," how fast an object or wave is travelling at"]
[null,"speed of light"," the speed at which light waves travel through a particular  medium"]
[null,"speed of sound"," speed at which sound travels through a particular medium"]
[null,"speed, v"," how fast an object is travelling; its velocity"]
[null,"speedometer","instrument for measuring speed"]
[null,"sperm"," male gametes (sex cells) "]
[null,"sphere"," solid ball or globe"]
[null,"spinal column"," backbone made of vertebrae stacked in a column "]
[null,"spinal cord"," band of nerve tissue that runs through the spinal column "]
[null,"spongy layer"," layer of cells inside a leaf that allows gases to circulate"]
[null,"spores"," tiny reproductive cells of ferns that travel in the wind reactions"]
[null,"stamens"," part of the flower that makes pollen grains"]
[null,"star"," huge ball of extremely hot gases undergoing nuclear"]
[null,"star life cycle"," stages that a star passes through from its formation through to its extinction"]
[null,"starch"," long chains of joined up sugar molecules; used to store energy "]
[null,"state of matter"," either solid, liquid or gas"]
[null,"steam"," gas formed when water boils"]
[null,"steam point"," temperature of steam above boiling water"]
[null,"stigma"," tip of the female sex organ of a flower which receives the pollen grains"]
[null,"stimulus"," change in environment detected by a sense organ "]
[null,"stomach"," part of the digestive system involved in digesting protein food in an acidic environment "]
[null,"stomata"," tiny pores in the underside of leaves that let gases inand out"]
[null,"stored energy"," another name for potential energy"]
[null,"strain forces"," forces that compress, stretch or distort a substance or object "]
[null,"stratosphere"," layer of the atmosphere containing ozone gas which absorbs dangerous ultraviolet radiation"]
[null,"structural adaptation"," physical feature of members of a species that aids survival and/or reproduction "]
[null,"style"," stalk that holds up the stigma of a flower"]
[null,"sub-atomic particles"," particles that make up atoms, such as electrons, protons and neutrons"]
[null,"subduction zone"," area parallel to a convergent boundary where the oceanic plate is being forced under the continental one "]
[null,"sublimation"," direct change from the solid to the gas state"]
[null,"sugars"," small, sweet-tasting food molecules that are the immediate source of energy for cells "]
[null,"supernova"," huge explosion that occurs at the end of a very large star’s life"]
[null,"support system"," system of the body which gives it a firm shape and enables it to move "]
[null,"surface waves"," waves that travel over the surface of a medium only"]
[null,"synthetic polymer"," polymer made in a factory "]
[null,"tarnishing"," slow surface reaction of an exposed metal with air "]
[null,"tectonic plate"," huge area of the crust that moves or rotates as a whole "]
[null,"temperature"," measure of how much thermal energy an object has"]
[null,"tendon"," tough fibre that attaches muscle to bone  "]
[null,"terminal"," connection on an electrical component   "]
[null,"terrestrial organism"," organism that lives on land"]
[null,"testa"," protective coat of a seed"]
[null,"testicle"," male organ that produces male gametes (sperm)  "]
[null,"thermal"," another word for ‘heat’"]
[null,"thermal conductor"," good conductor of thermal energy"]
[null,"thermal energy"," form of energy that causes a rise in the temperature or a change of state of a substance; formerly called ‘heat energy’ "]
[null,"thermal insulator"," poor conductor of thermal energy"]
[null,"thermometer"," instrument used for measuring temperature"]
[null,"thigmotropism"," curving growth of stems in response to touch"]
[null,"tides"," rise and fall of the sea in response to Earth’s rotation and the Moon’s gravity"]
[null,"time, t"," how long a journey takes "]
[null,"tissue"," group of similar cells in an organism"]
[null,"torque"," ability of a force to rotate an object around a fulcrum (fixed point) "]
[null,"total internal reflection"," occurs when light is completely trapped within a medium such as glass"]
[null,"trachea"," tube that runs from the mouth down to the lungs "]
[null,"transform boundary"," a plate boundary where two plates of the crust are sliding sideways past each other "]
[null,"transparent medium"," medium that does not trap light rays"]
[null,"transpiration"," evaporation of water from leaves"]
[null,"transpiration pull"," lifting of water up the stem or trunk of a plant, caused by evaporation from the leaves"]
[null,"transverse waves"," disturbance caused by the wave is perpendicular to the wave’s direction"]
[null,"trophic level"," feeding level of a species within a community "]
[null,"tropism"," growth of a plant in response to an environmental cue, e.g. direction of light"]
[null,"troposphere"," lower layer of the atmosphere containing the gases that organisms need"]
[null,"troughs"," low points of a sea wave"]
[null,"turning force"," force that can make a fixed object rotate "]
[null,"ultra-violet waves"," electromagnetic waves of shorter wavelength than light waves"]
[null,"umbilical cord"," cord that connects the body of the growing embryo with the placenta "]
[null,"umbra"," area of total shadow"]
[null,"uncharged particle"," atom or molecule with neither a positive nor negative charge; also a neutron "]
[null,"unicellular organism"," organism made of one cell only"]
[null,"unit"," what a variable or quantity is measured in "]
[null,"universal indicator"," chemical used to indicate the pH of a solution "]
[null,"universal joint"," type of joint found in the wrist and ankle which allows a wide range of movements "]
[null,"universe"," all that exists in space"]
[null,"ureter"," tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder "]
[null,"urethra"," tube that releases urine from the bladder "]
[null,"urine"," liquid filtered out of blood by the kidneys "]
[null,"useful energy"," energy used for the purpose of the appliance"]
[null,"uterus"," organ inside a female mammal’s body where the embryo develops "]
[null,"vacuole"," storage area in the cells of an organism"]
[null,"vacuum"," space that is completely empty of gases"]
[null,"vagina"," female organ that receives the male’s penis during intercourse; passage that allows the baby to leave the uterus and be born between the woman’s legs "]
[null,"valve"," flap that allows blood to flow in one direction only "]
[null,"variable"," quantity whose value can change "]
[null,"human vein"," tube that brings blood back to the heart "]
[null,"plant vein"," very fine tubes inside plant leaves that are involved in conducting water, mineral and sugars"]
[null,"vent"," opening of a volcano from which lava flows and gases and ash escape "]
[null,"vertebra"," one of the bones that make up the backbone "]
[null,"villi"," tiny, finger-like projections of the small intestine’s inner wall that absorb soluble food molecules "]
[null,"virtual image"," occurs when light rays don’t pass through the point where the image is located"]
[null,"viscosity"," resistance of a liquid to flowing "]
[null,"visible spectrum"," range of colours visible to the human eye"]
[null,"volcano"," mound with a vent through which lava flows and/ or gases and ash escapes "]
[null,"volt (V)"," unit of voltage gain or loss "]
[null,"voltage gain"," refers to the electrical energy supplied to a circuit by the power supply "]
[null,"voltage loss"," refers to the electrical energy used by a component of a circuit "]
[null,"voltage supply"," battery, power pack or mains electricity  "]
[null,"voltage, V"," electrical energy gained or lost by the current "]
[null,"voltmeter"," meter used to measure voltage gain or loss  "]
[null,"volume"," amount of space a substance or object occupies"]
[null,"waste energy"," energy that is not used by an appliance"]
[null,"water vapour"," gas formed when water evaporates"]
[null,"watt (W)"," unit of power "]
[null,"wattage"," amount of energy used or produced per second  "]
[null,"wave cycle"," from the arrival of one crest (or compression) through to the arrival of the next"]
[null,"wave speed"," how fast waves are travelling past a fixed object"]
[null,"wavelength"," distance between two neighbouring crests or compressions"]
[null,"waves"," way in which energy can be transferred without any matter being moved"]
[null,"waves (primary waves)"," earthquake waves that compress and stretch the ground "]
[null,"waves (secondary waves)"," waves that shake the ground up and down as well as sideways "]
[null,"weight"," force of gravity acting on an object "]
[null,"wheelbarrow-type lever"," effort and load force act on the same side of the fulcrum "]
[null,"white blood cells"," variety of cells types involved in fighting diseases "]
[null,"white light"," formed from a mixture of different-coloured lights"]
[null,"word equation"," chemical reaction written out in word form"]
[null,"work done"," energy required to make an object move "]
[null,"xylem vessels"," fine tubes that transport water upwards inside the stem or trunk of a plant"]
[null,"zygote"," first cell of a new organism, formed when the egg and sperm fuse at fertilisation"]

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[]
[null,"Agar"]
[]
[null,"Antibiotics"]
[]
[null,"Antigens"]
[]
[null,"Bacteria"]
[]
[null,"Balanced Diet"]
[]
[null,"Cholesterol"]
[]
[]
[null,"Contaminated"]
[]
[null,"Culture Medium"]
[]
[null,"Direct Contact"]
[]
[null,"Droplet Infection"]
[]
[]
[null,"Epidemic"]
[]
[null,"Immune System"]
[]
[null,"Immunisation"]
[]
[null,"Incubate "]
[]
[null,"Infectious"]
[]
[null,"Infectious Diseases"]
[]
[null,"Inherit(ed)"]
[]
[null,"Malnourished"]
[]
[null,"Metabolic Rate"]
[]
[null,"Microorganism"]
[]
[null,"Mutation"]
[]
[null,"Natural Selection"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Obese"]
[]
[null,"Overweight"]
[]
[null,"Pandemic"]
[]
[null,"Pathogen"]
[]
[null,"Vaccination"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Vaccine"]
[]
[null,"Virus"]
[]
[null,"White Blood Cells"]
[]
[]
[null,"Auxin"]
[]
[null,"Central Nervous System (CNS)"]
[null,"Contraceptive Pill"]
[]
[null,"Effector Organs"]
[]
[null,"Enzymes"]
[]
[null,"Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH"]
[null,"Gravitropism (Geotropism)"]
[null,"Homeostasis"]
[]
[null,"Impulse(s)"]
[]
[null,"Internal Environment"]
[]
[null,"Motor Neuron(s)"]
[]
[null,"Nerve(s)"]
[]
[null,"Neuron(s)"]
[]
[null,"Oestrogen"]
[]
[null,"Oral Contraceptive"]
[]
[null,"Ovary or Ovaries"]
[]
[]
[null,"Ovulation"]
[]
[null,"Pancreas"]
[]
[null,"Period"]
[]
[null,"Photosynthesis"]
[]
[null,"Phototropism"]
[]
[null,"Pituitary Gland"]
[]
[null,"Progesterone"]
[]
[null,"Receptor(s)"]
[]
[null,"Reflex Arc"]
[]
[null,"Reflex(es)"]
[]
[null,"Secreting"]
[]
[null,"Sense Organs"]
[]
[null,"Sensory Neurons"]
[]
[null,"Stimuli"]
[]
[null,"Synapse(s)"]
[null,"Depression"]
[]
[null,"Double Blind Trial"]
[]
[null,"Effective Medicine"]
[]
[null,"Placebo"]
[]
[null,"Safe Medicine"]
[]
[null,"Stable Medicine"]
[]
[null,"Statins"]
[]
[null,"Steroid(s)"]
[]
[null,"Withdrawal Symptoms"]
[]
[null,"Adaptations"]
[]
[null,"Competition"]
[]
[]
[null,"Denature"]
[]
[null,"Extremophile(s)"]
[]
[]
[null,"Guard Cells"]
[]
[null,"Herbivore(s)"]
[null,"Ovipositor(s)"]
[]
[null,"Stomata"]
[]
[]
[null,"Surface Area : Volume Ratio"]
[]
[]
[null,"Territory"]
[]
[null,"Waxy Cuticle "]
[]
[null,"Biomass"]
[]
[null,"Carbon Cycle"]
[]
[null,"Decomposers"]
[]
[null,"Detritus Feeders"]
[]
[null,"Elements"]
[]
[null,"Fossil Fuels"]
[]
[null,"Greenhouse Gas"]
[]
[null,"Molecules"]
[]
[null,"Organic Waste "]
[]
[null,"Pyramid of Biomass"]
[]
[null,"Urea"]
[]
[null,"Adult Cell Cloning"]
[]
[null,"Asexual reproduction"]
[]
[null,"Chromosomes"]
[]
[null,"Clone(s)"]
[]
[null,"DNA"]
[null,"(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)"]
[null,"Gametes"]
[]
[null,"Genes"]
[]
[null,"Genetically Modified"]
[]
[null,"Herbicide"]
[]
[null,"Pesticide"]
[]
[null,"Sexual Reproduction"]
[]
[null,"Tissue Culture"]
[]
[null,"Charles Darwin"]
[]
[null,"Evolution"]
[]
[null,"Evolutionary Relationships"]
[]
[null,"Evolutionary Trees"]
[]
[null,"Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics"]
[]
[null,"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck"]
[]
[null,"Kingdom(s)"]
[]
[null,"Mutation"]
[]
[null,"Natural Classification System"]
[]
[null,"Natural selection"]
[]
[null,"Species"]

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[]
[null,"Alkali Metal"]
[]
[null,"Atom"]
[]
[null,"Compounds"]
[]
[null,"Covalent Bonds"]
[]
[null,"Electronic Structure"]
[]
[null,"Electrons"]
[]
[null,"Energy level"]
[]
[null,"Gas(es)"]
[]
[null,"Groups"]
[]
[null,"Ionic Bonds"]
[]
[null,"Mass Number"]
[]
[null,"Molecule"]
[]
[null,"Neutrons"]
[]
[null,"Nucleus"]
[]
[null,"Periodic Table"]
[]
[null,"Products"]
[]
[]
[null,"Protons"]
[]
[null,"Reactants"]
[]
[null,"Shells"]
[]
[null,"Solid"]
[]
[null,"Symbol Equation"]
[]
[null,"Word Equation"]
[]
[null,"Calcium Carbonate"]
[]
[null,"Calcium Hydroxide"]
[]
[null,"Calcium Oxide"]
[]
[null,"Cement"]
[]
[null,"Concrete"]
[]
[null,"Limewater"]
[]
[null,"Mortar"]
[]
[null,"Thermal Decomposition"]
[]
[null,"Alloy"]
[]
[null,"Aluminium"]
[]
[null,"Bioleaching"]
[]
[null,"Blast Furnace"]
[]
[null,"Carbon Steel"]
[]
[null,"Cast Iron"]
[]
[null,"Copper-rich Ores"]
[]
[null,"Displace"]
[]
[null,"Electrolysis"]
[]
[null,"High-alloy Steel"]
[]
[null,"Ore(s)"]
[]
[null,"Phytomining"]
[]
[null,"Reactivity Series"]
[]
[null,"Reduction"]
[]
[null,"Smelting"]
[]
[null,"Stainless Steel"]
[]
[null,"Steel "]
[]
[null,"Titanium"]
[]
[null,"Transition Metals"]
[]
[null,"Alkanes"]
[]
[null,"Biodiesel"]
[]
[null,"Biofuels"]
[]
[null,"Carbon Monoxide"]
[]
[null,"Catalytic Converters"]
[]
[null,"Distillation"]
[]
[null,"Flammable"]
[]
[null,"Fractional Distillation"]
[]
[null,"Fractions"]
[]
[null,"Global Warming"]
[]
[null,"Hydrocarbons"]
[]
[null,"Incomplete Combustion"]
[]
[null,"Mixture"]
[]
[null,"Nitrogen Oxides"]
[]
[null,"Oxidised"]
[]
[null,"Particulates"]
[]
[null,"Saturated Hydrocarbons"]
[]
[null,"Sulfur Dioxide"]
[]
[null,"Alkene"]
[]
[null,"Biodegradable"]
[]
[null,"Cracking"]
[]
[null,"Double Bond"]
[]
[null,"Fermentation"]
[]
[null,"Hydration"]
[]
[null,"Monomers"]
[]
[null,"Non-renewable"]
[]
[null,"Polymerisation"]
[]
[null,"Polymers"]
[]
[null,"Smart Polymer"]
[]
[null,"Unsaturated Hydrocarbon"]
[null,"E Numbers"]
[]
[null,"Emulsifier"]
[]
[null,"Emulsion"]
[]
[null,"Food Additive"]
[]
[null,"Hydrogenated oils"]
[]
[null,"Hydrophilic"]
[]
[null,"Hydrophobic"]
[]
[null,"Unsaturated Oils"]
[]
[null,"Vegetable Oils"]
[]
[null,"Atmosphere"]
[]
[null,"Convection Currents"]
[]
[null,"Core"]
[]
[null,"Crust"]
[]
[null,"Mantle"]
[]
[null,"Tectonic Plates"]

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[]
[null,"Absorbers"]
[]
[null,"Condenses"]
[]
[null,"Conductors"]
[]
[null,"Convection Currents"]
[]
[null,"Density"]
[]
[null,"Diffuse"]
[]
[null,"Emits"]
[]
[null,"Emitters"]
[]
[null,"Energy Transfer"]
[]
[null,"Evaporates"]
[]
[null,"Fluids"]
[]
[null,"Free Electrons"]
[]
[null,"Infrared Radiation"]
[]
[null,"Insulators"]
[]
[null,"Mass"]
[]
[null,"Microwaves"]
[]
[]
[null,"Payback Time"]
[]
[null,"Radio Waves"]
[]
[null,"Reflectors"]
[]
[null,"Specific Heat Capacity"]
[]
[null,"Visible Light"]
[]
[null,"Chemical Energy"]
[]
[null,"Conservation of Energy"]
[]
[null,"Efficiency"]
[]
[null,"Elastic Potential Energy"]
[]
[null,"Electrical Energy"]
[]
[null,"Gravitational Potential Energy"]
[null,"Joules (J)"]
[]
[null,"Kinetic Energy"]
[]
[null,"Machines"]
[]
[null,"Newtons (N)"]
[]
[null,"Sankey Diagram"]
[]
[null,"Sound"]
[]
[null,"Useful Energy"]
[]
[null,"Wasted Energy"]
[]
[null,"Electrical Appliance(s)"]
[]
[null,"Electricity Meter"]
[]
[null,"Kilowatt"]
[]
[null,"Kilowatt-hour (kWh)"]
[]
[null,"Power"]
[]
[null,"Watt"]
[]
[null,"Acid Rain"]
[]
[null,"Atomic Nucleus"]
[]
[null,"Biofuel"]
[]
[null,"Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)"]
[null,"Generator"]
[]
[null,"Geothermal Energy"]
[]
[null,"Ground Heat"]
[]
[null,"National Grid"]
[]
[null,"Nuclear Fission"]
[]
[null,"Renewable"]
[]
[null,"Renewable Energy"]
[]
[null,"Solar Cell(s)"]
[]
[null,"Solar Power Tower"]
[]
[null,"Step-down Transformers"]
[null,"Step-up Transformer"]
[]
[null,"Transformers"]
[]
[null,"Turbine"]
[]
[null,"Key Word","Definition"]
[null,"Amplitude"]
[]
[null,"Angle of Incidence"]
[]
[null,"Angle of Reflection"]
[]
[null,"Boundary"]
[]
[null,"Compressions"]
[]
[null,"Diffraction"]
[]
[null,"Echo"]
[]
[null,"Electromagnetic Waves"]
[]
[null,"Frequency"]
[]
[null,"Hertz"]
[]
[null,"Longitudinal Waves"]
[]
[null,"Mechanical Waves"]
[]
[null,"Normal"]
[]
[null,"Perpendicular"]
[]
[null,"Pitch"]
[]
[null,"Plane Mirror"]
[]
[null,"Rarefactions"]
[]
[null,"Real Image"]
[]
[null,"Refraction"]
[]
[null,"Speed"]
[]
[null,"Transverse Waves"]
[]
[null,"Ultrasonic Waves"]
[]
[null,"Virtual Image"]
[]
[null,"Wavelength"]
[]
[null,"Bands"]
[]
[null,"Big Bang Theory"]
[]
[null,"Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR)"]
[null,"Doppler Effect"]
[]
[null,"Electromagnetic Spectrum"]
[null,"Optical Fibres"]
[]
[null,"Wave Speed"]
[]
[null,"White Light"]

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[]
[null,"Accurate"]
[]
[null,"Anomalous Result"]
[]
[null,"Bar Chart"]
[]
[null,"Categoric Variable"]
[]
[null,"Continuous Variable"]
[]
[null,"Control Groups"]
[]
[null,"Control Variable"]
[]
[null,"Data"]
[]
[null,"Dependant Variable"]
[]
[null,"Directly Proportional"]
[]
[null,"Error"]
[]
[null,"Evidence"]
[]
[null,"Fair Test"]
[]
[null,"Hazards"]
[]
[null,"Hypothesis"]
[]
[null,"Independent Variable"]
[]
[]
[null,"Interval"]
[]
[null,"Line Graph"]
[]
[null,"Mean"]
[]
[null,"Median"]
[]
[null,"Mode"]
[]
[null,"Monitor"]
[]
[null,"Opinion"]
[]
[null,"Precise"]
[]
[null,"Prediction"]
[]
[null,"Random Error"]
[]
[null,"Range"]
[]
[null,"Relationship"]
[]
[null,"Repeatable"]
[]
[null,"Reproducible"]
[]
[null,"Resolution"]
[]
[null,"Risk"]
[]
[null,"Systematic Error"]
[]
[null,"Trial Runs"]
[]
[]
[null,"Valid"]
[]
[null,"Variables"]
[]
[null,"Zero Error"]

{"sheet":"90940","index":11,"n_rows":37,"n_cols":3,"rows_kept":37,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[]
[null,"acceleration","change in speed over time, whether speeding up or slowing down"]
[null,"air resistance","friction acting on an object moving through air"]
[null,"average speed","the total distance travelled divided by the time required to travel that distance"]
[null,"balanced forces","when two forces combine to cancel each other out"]
[null,"conservation","(energy) cannot be created or destroyed"]
[null,"constant speed","speed is not increasing or decreasing but remain consistent over time"]
[null,"constant","unchanging"]
[null,"contact area","amount of area shared by two objects e.g. ice skates have sharp edges, and thus a small area in contact with the ice"]
[null,"deceleration","decrease in the speed over time of an object"]
[null,"distance","how far an object has travelled (usually horizontal)"]
[null,"drag","for an object moving through air, friction is called \"air resistance\" or \"drag\""]
[null,"EK ","kinetic energy; the kind of energy possessed by moving objects"]
[null,"EP","gravitational potential energy; energy possessed by objects that have been lifted up"]
[null,"force","a push or pull that can change an object’s movement"]
[null,"free fall","falling motion caused by gravity alone"]
[null,"friction","friction is an opposing force; it acts in the opposite direction to a force which is applied to an object"]
[null,"g","acceleration caused by the earth’s mass (approx. 10 ms-2)"]
[null,"gradient","slope of a graph (rise/run)"]
[null,"gravity","the force of attraction between any two objects; the Earth is very big and so has a large gravity pulling everything down towards it"]
[null,"height","distance (vertical)"]
[null,"instantaneous","at an instant of time"]
[null,"mass","amount of matter in an object or substance"]
[null,"mechanical energy","kinetic or potential (or heat) energy"]
[null,"net force","the single force that represents all the forces acting on a body; overall force"]
[null,"power","the rate that energy is changed from one type to another; power is the energy changed divided by the time it takes for the energy to change"]
[null,"pressure","a measure of the force exerted on a certain area of surface; force per unit area"]
[null,"reaction","An equal and opposite force exerted by a body against a force acting upon it "]
[null,"relationship","information that can be used to link two things together e.g. force and acceleration"]
[null,"resultant force","a stationary object remains stationary if the sum of the forces acting upon it - resultant force - is zero. A moving object with a zero resultant force keeps moving at the same speed and in the same direction.  If the resultant force acting on an object is not zero, a stationary object begins to accelerate in the same direction as the resultant force."]
[null,"speed","how fast an object is travelling; units are distance time-1, e.g. ms-1"]
[null,"stationary","stopped, not moving or “at rest”"]
[null,"thrust","to push or drive with force "]
[null,"unbalanced forces","forces that are NOT balanced; situation leading to acceleration or deceleration of an object"]
[null,"velocity","speed  (Note: velocity is really the measurement of the rate and direction of motion but at Level 1 Science we treat speed and velocity as the same thing)"]
[null,"weight (force)","the force on an object caused by gravity"]
[null,"work","energy required to make an object move"]

{"sheet":"90944","index":12,"n_rows":50,"n_cols":3,"rows_kept":50,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[]
[null,"acid","substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in water; has a pH < 7; examples are sulfuric, nitric and hydrochloric"]
[null,"alkali","a soluble base; substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) in water or reacts with water to form hydroxide ions; has a pH > 7"]
[null,"anion","a negatively charged ion"]
[null,"atom","the smallest component of an element that contains all the properties or characteristics of that element; basic building block of matter; extremely small particles that all matter is made of"]
[null,"atomic number","number of protons in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,"balanced (equation)","each side of a chemical equation has a the same number of each type of atom"]
[null,"base","chemical opposite of an acid; can neutralise an acid to form a salt; common bases include oxides & hydroxides of metals and ammonia; pH> 7 if soluble in water"]
[null,"cation","a positively charged ion"]
[null,"chemical equation ","describing a reaction using chemical formula (see symbol equation)"]
[null,"chemical formula ","a shorthand way of showing which elements are present in a substance, and the relative numbers of its atoms"]
[null,"chemical property ","how a substance reacts with another type of substance"]
[null,"collision theory","theory used to explain rates in terms of collisions between particles"]
[null,"compound","a substance that is made up of more than one type of atom; the atoms are chemically joined"]
[null,"configuration","arrangement, e.g. electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom"]
[null,"electron shell","see energy shell"]
[null,"electron","particle in the atom; located outside the nucleus with negligible mass and a negative electric charge; written as e-"]
[null,"element","substance that is made up of only one type of atom"]
[null,"energy shell","space around the atomic nucleus in which electrons with a particular amount of energy exist"]
[null,"formula","shorthand way of describing a chemical substance using symbols"]
[null,"group (formula)","atoms that are frequently found together in an ion, e.g. sulfate group SO42- or hydroxide group OH-"]
[null,"group (P.T)","a vertical column of elements in the Periodic table, elements in the same group have similar chemical properties"]
[null,"hydrogen ion","a positively charged hydrogen atom; released when acids are added to water"]
[null,"indicator","substance that changes colour depending on the pH of the solution to which it is added"]
[null,"ion","atom (or group of atoms) that has an overall electrical charge; has lost or gained electrons and become charged"]
[null,"ionic bonding","electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions"]
[null,"isotope","atoms of the same element (same # of protons) that have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei e.g. 12 6C (C-12) and 14 6C (C-14)"]
[null,"lime water","a solution that turns milky when carbon dioxide bubbles through it; Ca(OH)2 solution"]
[null,"mass number","number of protons PLUS neutrons in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,"monatomic (ion)","ion made from just one atom e.g. Na+ is monatomic (but NH4+ is not)"]
[null,"neutral","having no charge e.g a neutron; atoms are neutral since # of protons = # of electrons"]
[null,"neutralisation","the process of making an acid or a base into a neutral solution"]
[null,"neutron","a particle found in the nucleus of atoms; has mass but no electrical charge"]
[null,"nucleon","name for a particle found in the nucleus; protons and neutrons are both nucleons"]
[null,"nucleus","the positively charged centre of an atom that contains nearly all the mass"]
[null,"particle theory","scientific theory that states that every substance consists of tiny particles"]
[null,"period","a horizontal row of elements in the Periodic table"]
[null,"pH","scale for measuring the acidity of a solution; the more acidic the solution, the lower the number of the scale; pH scale is from 0 to 14"]
[null,"product","a substance formed in a chemical reaction"]
[null,"proton","a particle found in the nucleus of atoms; has mass and positive charge"]
[null,"rate","the speed at which a reaction happens; Note speed is not the same as “time” – speed has an amount/time e.g. mL/s or g/s or collisions/unit time"]
[null,"reactant","chemical that is used up in a reaction; the starting chemicals in a reaction"]
[null,"reactivity","ionic compound formed when a metal (or ammonia), base or carbonate reacts with an acid. E.g. Na2SO4 and CuCl2 and NH4NO3 are all salts"]
[null,"state symbols","symbols indicating whether the substance is solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g) or dissolved in water (aq)"]
[null,"symbol equation","equation using chemical formulae e.g.  Mg + 2HCl à MgCl2 + H2"]
[null,"symbol","unique shorthand codes for each type of element and shows the number or ratio of each in a  formula"]
[null,"unreactive ","doesn’t react chemically or changes only very slowly"]
[null,"valence electron(s)","electron(s) in the outermost energy level of an atom"]
[null,"valence shell","outer shell of the atom"]
[null,"word equation","a way of writing down the reactants and products of chemical changes in words e.g. magnesium + hydrochloric acid à magnesium chloride + hydrogen"]

{"sheet":"90948","index":13,"n_rows":50,"n_cols":3,"rows_kept":50,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[]
[null,"allele"," different version of a gene / alleles are genes that occupy the same position on homologous (similar) chromosomes"]
[null,"artificial selection"," the process of breeding plants and animals with desirable characteristics in the hope that their offspring will inherit them"]
[null,"asexual reproduction"," reproduction involving only one parent producing identical offspring"]
[null,"bases"," adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine"]
[null,"carrier"," has inherited a genetic trait or mutation, but who does not display that trait, but can pass it on to their offspring"]
[null,"characteristic"," an attribute of an individual eg tall plant, brown hair, blue eyes"]
[null,"chromosome"," strand of DNA which contains many genes; a normal human cell has 46 (23 pairs)"]
[null,"complementary base pairing"," used to describe how the bases A always bonds with T, and C with G"]
[null,"continuous variation"," variation that shows a range eg skin colour / gradual changes, e.g. height and weight"]
[null,"cystic fibrosis"," disease caused by a recessive gene causes breathing problems due to mucus forming in the breathing system"]
[null,"diploid"," cell with the full complement of chromosomes (46 in humans)"]
[null,"discontinuous variation"," variation that is “either/or” eg blood groups, ability to roll tongue or not"]
[null,"DNA"," this is the chemical which carries genetic information in the nuclei of cells / made up of phosphate units, sugar units and 4 types of bases"]
[null,"dominant"," this is the allele which will be \"expressed\" in the phenotype if it is present as either a single gene or as two genes. e.g. B"]
[null,"double helix"," name given to the twisted ladder shape of the DNA"]
[null,"fertilisation"," male sex cell (gamete) combines with a female sex cell (gamete) to form a zygote"]
[null,"gamete"," a sex cell i.e. sperm or egg (ovum) in animals.  Ovum and pollen in plants."]
[null,"gene"," piece of DNA which codes for a particular protein and therefore a characteristic, eg tongue rolling"]
[null,"genotype"," this is what genes you carry e.g. BB, Bb or bb"]
[null,"haploid"," cell with half the full complement of chromosomes (23 in humans)"]
[null,"heterozygous"," this means having a dominant and a recessive allele e.g. Bb"]
[null,"homozygous"," a pair of alleles that are the same, e.g. HH or hh"]
[null,"Huntington’s disease"," inherited disease caused by a dominant gene that eventually leads to dementia and death"]
[null,"hydrogen bonds"," attractive forces that hold the two strands of DNA together"]
[null,"incomplete dominance"," situation where neither of the two genes (alleles) present masks the other"]
[null,"karyotype"," A photograph or diagram of the chromosomes of a cell arranged in an orderly fashion"]
[null,"meiosis"," this is cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes to a half the normal number, producing 4 genetically different cells. This is what happens in the testis and ovary; meiosis produces gametes"]
[null,"mitosis"," this is a genetically exact division of a cell – produces 2 identical daughter cells"]
[null,"monohybrid cross"," a straight forward cross involving only one pair of genes or alleles"]
[null,"mutation"," this is a sudden, permanent change in a gene or whole chromosome"]
[null,"natural selection"," organisms with characteristics best suited to their environment become more successful, and so expand in numbers"]
[null,"nucleotide"," a UNIT built up of a base, a sugar and a phosphate group"]
[null,"pedigree chart"," A family tree drawn with standard genetic symbols, showing inheritance patterns for specific characteristics e.g. straight/curly hair"]
[null,"phenotype ratio"," ratio of phenotypes e.g. 3 brown hair 1 blond hair (a prediction of the phenotypes and their occurrence as a result of a cross)"]
[null,"phenotype"," the expression of the genotype; this is what you look like e.g. brown or blue eyes, if it is a visible trait"]
[null,"phosphate"," group that alternates with the ribose sugar in the DNA backbone"]
[null,"Punnett square"," name given to the grid of squares that may be drawn to show the range of combinations of genes that may occur"]
[null,"pure breeding"," A group of identical individuals that always produce offspring of the same phenotype when interbred / are homozygous individuals eg either BB or bb"]
[null,"recessive"," this is the allele which is only expressed if these are two such alleles e.g. b"]
[null,"reduction division"," another name for meiosis"]
[null,"ribose"," a sugar group that alternates with the phosphate group in the DNA backbone"]
[null,"semi conservative"," each double-stranded DNA molecule is composed of one parental strand and one newly made strand"]
[null,"sexual reproduction"," reproduction involving two parents, where the offspring has some features inherited from each"]
[null,"symbols"," use of capital letter for the dominant gene and the same small letter for the recessive gene, e.g. R for round pea and r for wrinkled pea, where round is dominant"]
[null,"template"," pattern"]
[null,"trait"," another word for characteristics, eg brown hair is an example"]
[null,"triplet code"," genetic code made by a sequences of three bases in the DNA e.g. AAA, GCT, CAT etc"]
[null,"variation"," the differences among parents and their offspring or among individuals in a population"]
[null,"zygote"," cell formed when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell"]

{"sheet":"PHY2_3","index":14,"n_rows":435,"n_cols":5,"rows_kept":435,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","A.C. ","Alternating Current"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Absorber","Material that prevent radioactive emission from passing through it"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Accelerate","When something changes its velocity"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Acceleration","The rate of change of velocity of a moving object.  Can result from a change in speed and/or a change in direction"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Acceleration due to gravity","On surface of earth, value is  9.8 ms-²; increases nearer the poles, decreases with altitude and depth inside the earth"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Activity","Number of radioactive emissions/counts per second – also known as “rate of decay”"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Alpha emission","Release of alpha particle from unstable nucleus(a 2+ helium ion or a helium nucleus)"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Alpha particle","The nucleus of a helium atom (two protons and two neutrons) emitted as radiation from a decaying heavy nucleus"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Alternating current","An electric current that first moves one direction, then the opposite direction with a regular frequency"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Ammeter ","Device that measures current when connected in series in a circuit"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Ampere (Amp)","Unit of electric current"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Amplitude (of an oscillation)","The maximum displacement of a body from the equilibrium position during an oscillatory motion"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Amplitude (of waves)","The maximum displacement of particles of the medium from their mean positions during the propagation of a wave"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Angle of incidence","Angle of an incident (arriving) ray or particle to a surface; measured from a line perpendicular to the surface (the normal)"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Angle of reflection","Angle of a reflected ray or particle from a surface; measured from a line perpendicular to the surface (the normal)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Angular Acceleration","The rate of change of angular velocity of a rotating body."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Angular Displacement","The angle described at the center of the circle by a moving body along a circular path"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Angular frequency","Frequency expressed in radians per second"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Angular momentum","Mass x angular velocity for an object undergoing circular motion"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Angular Velocity","The rate of change of angular displacement of a rotating body."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Antinodal lines ","Lines of constructive interference"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Antinode ","A point of maximum amplitude because of constructive interference of waves"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Apparent frequency ","Observed frequency of wave when source or observer is moving (f')"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Approximation ","A rough estimate or calculated guess"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Assumption ","Reach conclusion without knowing all details - ignoring possible irrelevancies (e.g. Friction in motion)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: All","Astronomical unit","The radius of the earth's mean orbit around the Sun"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Atom","The smallest unit of an element that can exist alone or in combination with other elements"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Atomic line spectra ","Spectral lines given out/absorbed by low pressure gases when they are excited"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Atomic mass unit","Relative mass unit (u) where one atomic mass unit (one u) is 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Atomic number","The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Atomic structure","Atoms are made up of 3 types of particles electrons, protons and neutrons. Each atom is a made of these"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Attraction of Electric Charges","Unlike charges give negative potential energy (attractive force). Unlike charges attract one another"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Average velocity","Total displacement divided by the total time taken"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Avogadro's Number","The number of carbon-12 atoms in 12.00 g of C i.e. 6.02 x 10 23 atoms. It is the number  in one mole of a substance"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Axis","The imaginary line about which a planet or other object rotates"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Background radiation","The nuclear radiation that arises naturally from cosmic rays and from radioactive isotopes in the soil and air"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Balanced Forces","When a number of forces act on a body, and the resultant force is zero"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Balmer series ","Visible light produced by excited Hydrogen electrons"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Beat","A kind of interference. It occurs when two sets of waves have slightly different frequencies,  fb  = f2 - f1"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Beat frequency ","Difference between the frequencies of two similar waves"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Becquerel","The rate of disintegration of a radioactive substance"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Beta emission","An high-energy electron which is ejected from the nucleus; this release causes a neutron to convert into a proton"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Beta particle","High-energy electron emitted as ionizing radiation from a decaying nucleus"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Binding energy","The energy required to break a nucleus into its constituent protons and neutrons"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Binding energy per nucleon ","Energy required to separate a nucleus into its nucleons divided by number of nucleons"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Bohr model","Model of the structure of the atom that attempted to correct the deficiencies of the Rutherford model for the atom"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Bright fringe ","Area of constructive interference"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Calculation ","Use formulae, insert numerical values from a question, to solve a problem"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Capacitance","Measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Capacitor ","Device that stores electric charge on two oppositely charged plates"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Cathode rays","Negatively charged particles (electrons) that are emitted from a negative terminal in an evacuated glass tube"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Cell ","Positive to negative terminal (opposites)"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Cell mutation","A change in the function of a living cell, sometimes caused by ionizing radiation."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Centripetal force","Force required to keep an object moving in a circle"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Chain reaction","A self-sustaining reaction where some of the products are able to produce more reactions of the same kind"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Change in momentum","Momentum after minus momentum before"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Change in velocity","Velocity after minus velocity before"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Charging ","When a capacitor gains a charge causing a potential difference across its plates"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Charging by Conduction","Charging an object by allowing it to come into contact with an object that already has an electrical charge"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Charging by Friction","Two objects rub together and one becomes positively charged and the other becomes negatively charged"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Charging by Induction","Charging an object without direct contact (proximity to nearby object charges neutral object)"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Circuit ","Conducting path from to positive terminal of a power source to the negative terminal of a power source"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Circuit diagram ","Diagram using symbols to represent an electrical circuit"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Circular Motion","The motion of a body along a circular path"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Circular orbit","An orbit that is circular"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Closed Pipe ","A pipe with one end open and the other end blocked up"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Coil ","Turns of electric wire around an object(e.g. Iron core)"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Coincides ","To be in the same place at the same time"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Collision","Objects hitting each other"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Combined mass","Sum of masses involved"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Complex problems ","Problems which involve two or more steps"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Compression","A part of a longitudinal wave in which the density of the particles of the medium is higher than the normal density"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Concepts ","Physics Ideas"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Conductors","Materials that allow electric charges to flow through them easily"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Conservation of Energy","When energy is transformed from one type of energy into another , the total energy before and after are always the same"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Conservation of mass","Mass, including single atoms, is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction (not measurably anyway!)"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Conservation of momentum","The total momentum of a group of a closed system remains constant in the absence of external forces"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Conserved","Kept the same"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Constant speed","Speed that stays the same"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Constructive interference","Two waves arriving at the same place, at the same time and in phase, add amplitudes to create a wave with a larger amplitude"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Context ","A question with a setting/with relevance to the question"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Continuous spectra ","Separation of electromagnetic spectrum into its discrete frequencies with no gaps (missing frequencies)"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Control rods","Control rods are used in a nuclear reactor to slow down the rate of nuclear fission or to stop the fission process completely."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Controlled nuclear fission","Involves the slow and useful release of energy in a nuclear reactor."]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Conventional Current ","Current flows from positive to negative terminal"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Coulomb","Unit used to measure quantity of electric charge"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Count rate","The number of counts on a Geiger counter(each count is caused by radiation causing ionisation)"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Crest","The point of maximum positive displacement on a transverse wave is called a crest"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Critical angle","Limit to the angle of incidence when all light rays are reflected internally"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Critical mass","Mass of fissionable material needed to sustain a chain reaction"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Current","A flow of electricity through a conductor"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Current Electricity","The continuous flow of electrons through a conductor"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Cycle","A complete vibration"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Dalton's model","Each element is made of indivisible particles called atoms. Atoms of a given element are identical"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Damped","Vibrations which gradually die out as their source loses energy"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Dampen","Any effect causing loss of energy during SHM e.g. Air resistance"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Dark fringe ","Area of destructive interference"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Deceleration","Negative acceleration"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Decibel scale","A nonlinear scale of loudness based on the ratio of the intensity level of a sound to the intensity at the threshold of hearing"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Derive ","Prove something using first principles"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Description ","A statement that represents something in words"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Destructive interference","Two waves arriving at the same point at the same time out of phase add their amplitudes to create zero total disturbance"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Deviates ","Wave changes direction"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Diagram ","A picture/image that provides information for the question"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Dielectric constant ","Proportion by which the capacitance increases when an insulator is placed between the plates of a capacitor"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Diffraction ","Bending of waves around a barrier/through a gap"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Diffraction grating ","Series of fine slits or lines used to deviate waves (e.g. Light)"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Diffuse reflection","Light rays reflected in many random directions, as opposed to the parallel rays reflected from a perfectly smooth surface"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Direct current","An electrical current that always moves in one direction"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Direct proportion","When two variables increase or decrease together in the same ratio (at the same rate)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Discharging ","When a capacitor loses a charge causing a potential difference across its plates"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Discuss ","Fully explain including comparing and contrasting of physics idea"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Dispersion ","Refraction in e.g. a prism causes white light to split up into colours"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Displacement","The change in the position of an object in a particular direction"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Distance","The actual length of the path traveled by a body irrespective of the direction is called the distance traveled"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Doppler effect","An apparent shift in the frequency of a wave due to relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Echo","A reflected sound that can be distinguished from the original sound, which usually arrives at least 0.1 s after the original sound"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Effect ","Consequence caused by external factors to particular variables"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Mechanics","Elastic collision","Collision where kinetic energy is conserved"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electric circuit","Consists of a voltage source and a continuous conducting path for a current to follow"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electric current","The flow of electric charge electric field force field produced by an electrical charge"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electric Field","The field around charged particles that exerts a force on other charged particles."]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electric field lines","A map of an electric field representing the direction of the force that a positive charge would experience"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electric field strength ","Size of electric field"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electric Flux","The product of a surface area and the component of the electric field perpendicular to the surface"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electric generator","A Mechanical device that uses wire loops rotating in a magnetic field to generate electricity"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electric Potential","The difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts (AKA potential difference)"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electric potential energy","Potential energy due to the position of a charge near other charges"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electrical conductors","Materials that have electrons that are free to move throughout the material; for example, metals"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electrical energy","A form of energy from electromagnetic interactions"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electrical force","A fundamental force that results from the interaction of electrical charge"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electrical insulators","Electrical nonconductors, or materials that obstruct the flow of electric current"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electrical resistance","The property of opposing or reducing electric current"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electrolyte","Water solution of ionic substances that conducts an electric current"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electromagnet","A magnet formed by a solenoid that can be turned on and off by turning the current on and off"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electromagnetic force","One of four fundamental forces; the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged particles"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electromagnetic induction","Current is induced by moving a loop of wire in a magnetic field or by changing the magnetic field"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Atoms","Electromagnetic spectrum ","Family of waves (e.g. Light) don't require medium, are transverse and travel at 3 x 10 8 ms-1 in a vacuum"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Electromotive Force (EMF)","The pressure, or force, that causes electric current to flow."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Electron","Subatomic particle which is usually found orbiting an atom, but gained/lost when atoms become ions"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Electron current","Opposite to conventional current; electron current flows from the negative terminal to the positive terminal"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Electron volt","The energy gained by an electron moving across a potential difference of one volt; equivalent to 1.60 x 10-19 Joules"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Electrostatic charge","An accumulated electric charge on an object from a surplus or deficiency of electrons; also called"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Element","A pure chemical substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by chemical or physical means"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","EMF ","Voltage across a power supply when no current is drawn"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Emission spectra ","Atomic line spectra given off from low pressure gas excited by heat or electricity"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Energy","The capacity of a body to do work is called its energy"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Energy Absorption ","The amount of energy taken in by an electron when excited"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Energy Level ","Fixed quantities of energy which an electron can have in an atom"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Equations of motion","Set of formulas used to describe motion mathematically"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Equilibrium Position","Where the mass wants to be in simple harmonic motion"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Escape Velocity","The minimum velocity with which an object must be thrown upwards so as to escape into space"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Estimate ","An educated guess (which may not involve a calculation)"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Explain ","Written sentence(s) to show the meaning of something"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Extension of a spring","How much a spring is extended (stretched or compressed) compared to its natural length"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Faraday's Law","The induced voltage in a coil is the sum of the number of loops and the rate at which the magnetic field changes"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Ferromagnetic Materials","Iron, cobalt, nickel"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Fissile","Referring to unstable materials; something that can readily be split or will split spontaneously."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Fission ","Nuclear reaction where one big nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Force","Forces change the state of rest or of uniform motion, the direction of motion, or the shape and size of a body"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Force of gravitation","The force with which two objects attract each other because of their masses"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Formulae ","Physics equations with variables used to determine mathematical values"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Free fall","The motion of a body towards the earth when no other force except weight acts on it"]
[null," PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Frequency","The number of waves which reach an observer in one second"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Friction","The force that resists the motion of one surface relative to another with which it is in contact"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Fringe ","Band of light/dark"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Fundamental","This is the simplest standing wave the medium can produce. It is the lowest possible frequency"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Fusion ","Nuclear reaction joining two smaller nuclei to make one bigger nucleus"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Gamma emission","Form of radioactive decay that occurs when an unstable nucleus emits extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Geiger counter","A gas filled metal tube that detects radiation by counting electric pulses carried by gas ionized by radiation"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Generator ","Produces electricity from the rotation of a coil inside a magnetic field"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Gold foil experiment","Rutherfords experiment where he bombarded a thin gold foil with alpha particles in a vacuum"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Gravitational constant G","The Universal Gravitational constant G which appears in the equation for Newton's law of gravitation"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Gravitational Field Strength","Strength of the gravitational field strength at a particular point - known locally as g"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Gravitational Potential Energy","Energy stored in a gravitational field when an object is moved vertically upwards"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Gravity","Force of attraction between two objects due to their mass"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Ground state","Energy state of an atom with electrons at the lowest energy state possible for that atom"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Half-life","The time taken for half of the atoms in a sample of radioactive material to decay (disintegrate)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Harmonic","An exact multiple of the fundamental frequency e.g. the second harmonic has twice the fundamental frequency"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Heisenberg uncertainty principle","You cannot measure both the exact momentum and the exact position of a subatomic particle at the same time"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Hertz","Unit of frequency; equivalent to one cycle per second"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Horizontal circle","A circle that involves no gain or loss in gravitational potential energy"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Hypothesis","A proposed explanation of a phenomenon that is compatible with the data"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Impedance ","Combination of resistance and reactance in an AC circuit"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Impulse","Change in momentum caused by an external force"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Incandescent","Matter emitting visible light as a result of high temperature e.g. a light bulb/flame because of high temperature"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Incident ","Moving towards (e.g. Incident light strikes a mirror)"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Incident ray","Line representing the direction of motion of incoming light approaching a boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Incoming waves ","Waves about to collide with boundary / interface"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Index of refraction","The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a material"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Induced voltage ","Voltage created by the combination of movement and a magnetic field"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Inductance ","The effect in a circuit when a changing current causes an opposing induced voltage"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Induction ","Conversion of kinetic energy to electrical energy using a magnetic field"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Inductor ","Produces opposing voltage when current-magnetic field changes"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Inelastic collision","Collision where kinetic energy is not conserved (some energy is converted to sound or heat etc.)"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Inertia","The property of matter that causes it to resist any change in its state of rest or of uniform motion"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Infrasonic","Sound waves having too low a frequency to be heard by the human ear; sound having a frequency of less than 20 Hz"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Insulators","Materials that are poor conductors of electricity"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Intensity","A measure of the energy carried by a wave"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Interface ","Boundary between two different media"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Interference ","Effect occurring when waves meet"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Internal resistance ","Resistance inside a battery/power supply"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Inverse proportion","The relationship in which the value of one variable increases while second variable decreases at the same rate"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Ionisation","The ability of nuclear radiation to take an electron off an atom, making it an ion."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Ionise ","When an electron is given enough energy to leave the atom"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Ionising ability","A measure of the ability to remove electrons"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Isotope","Atoms with same chemical properties /same number of protons but with different masses/different number of neutrons "]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Joule","Metric unit used to measure work and energy"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Justify ","Give written reasons for something"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Kilogram","The fundamental unit of mass in the metric system of measurement"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Kinetic Energy","Energy possessed by a body by the virtue of its motion"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Kirchhoff's current law ","Total current entering a junction = total current leaving a junction"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Kirchhoff's voltage law ","The total of all the voltages in a closed loop is equal to zero"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Labelled ","Diagram with words/symbols to identify the parts of the diagram"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Lead screen","A sheet of lead used to absorb alpha and beta and limit gamma"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Lenz's law ","The direction of the induced current creates a force that opposes the change that produces it"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Light-year","The distance that light travels through empty space in one year, approximately 9.5 x 1011 km"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Line spectrum","Narrow lines of color in an otherwise dark spectrum"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Liter","A metric system unit of volume, usually used for liquids"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Longitudinal waves","The wave in which the particles oscillate in the same direction as the direction of propagation of wave  e.g. sound waves"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Loudness","Related directly to the amount of energy of the vibrating source"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Luminosity","The total amount of energy radiated into space each second from the surface of a star"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Luminous","An object or objects that produce visible light; for example star/light bulbs/burning materials"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Lyman series ","Ultraviolet light produced by excited Hydrogen electrons"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic Dipole","Magnet with two poles (North & South); all magnets are made up of dipoles"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic field ","Region where ferromagnetic materials (iron, cobalt, nickel) and magnets experience a force"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic Field Lines","Invisible lines that map out the magnetic field around a magnet"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic Flux","The lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic flux density ","Amount of flux density in a fixed area"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Magnetic Forces","Forces that may attract or repel without touching."]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic poles","The ends, or sides, of a magnet about which the force of magnetic attraction seems to be concentrated"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Magnetic reversal","The flipping of polarity of the earth's magnetic field"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Magnetism","The force of repulsion or attraction between poles of magnets"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Magnitude","The size of a measurement"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Mass","The quantity of matter contained in a body It remains the same everywhere"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Mass defect","The difference between the sum of the masses of the individual nucleons forming a nucleus and the actual mass of that nucleus"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Mass number","The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Matter","Anything that occupies space and has mass"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Mechanical wave","The waves, which need a material medium for their propagation e.g. sound waves, water waves"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Meter","The fundamental metric unit of length"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Model","A representation of something that cannot be observed directly that is usually used as an aid to understanding"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Moderator","A material used in nuclear reactors to produce 'slow' neutrons needed to trigger nuclear fission"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Momentum","The product of a body’s mass and velocity"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Motion","Manner of how a body moves"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Mutual Inductance ","Changing current in one coil induces a voltage in another coil"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Negative electric charge","One of the two types of electric charge; repels other negative charges and attracts positive charges"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Negative ion","Atom or particle that has a surplus, or imbalance, of electrons and, thus, a negative charge"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Net force","The resulting force after all forces have been added using vector"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Neutron","Uncharged particle found in the nucleus of atoms."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Newton","A unit of force defined as 1 Newton force is needed to accelerate a 1 kg mass 1 ms-2"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Newton's first law of motion","A body continues in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is acted upon by an external force"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Newton's law of gravitation","Force between  two particles is proportional to their masses & inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Newton's second law of motion","The rate of change of momentum is equal to force OR force acting on a body is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Newton's third law of motion","To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The action and reaction act on two different bodies simultaneously"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Nodal lines ","Lines of destructive interference"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Node","A point in a stationary wave without any disturbances. Destructive interference occurs at nodes"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Noise","Sounds made up of groups of waves of random frequency and intensity"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Non Uniform Acceleration","When the velocity of a body increases by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Non Uniform Speed","When a body travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Non Uniform Velocity","Covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time in one direction/ Covers equal distances in equal intervals but changes direction"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Normal","A line perpendicular to the surface of a boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Nuclear energy","The form of energy from reactions involving the nucleus, the innermost part of an atom"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Nuclear equation","Equation that describes the changes that occur during radioactive decay"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Nuclear fission","Nuclear reaction of splitting a massive nucleus into more stable, less massive nuclei with an accompanying release of energy"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Nuclear force","Force of attraction between subatomic particles which binds the nucleus together"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Nuclear fusion","Nuclear reaction of low mass nuclei fusing together to form more stable and more massive nuclei"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Nuclear reactor","Steel vessel in which a controlled chain reaction of fissionable materials releases energy"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Nucleons","Name used to refer to both the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Nucleus","Tiny, relatively massive/dense and positively charged center of an atom containing protons and neutrons"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Numerical constant","A constant without units; a number"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Ohm","Unit of resistance equivalent to volts/amps"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Ohm's Law","The law that states that resistance is equal to voltage divided by current (R=V/I)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Open Pipe ","A pipe with both ends open"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Orbital","The region of space around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to be found"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Origin","Initial position of an object"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Origin","The only point on a graph where both the x and y variables have a value of zero at the same time"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Oscillation","A vibration or regular pattern of movement or compressions  e.g. sound waves in air"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Oscillatory motion","The to and fro motion of a body about its mean position "]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Parallel","Circuits electric circuits with two or more paths through which charge can flow"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Parent nuclide","An unstable nucleus that decays and splits into two or more lighter nuclei. The lighter nuclei are called daughter nuclides."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Paschen series ","Infrared Light produced by excited Hydrogen electrons"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Pendulum","A mass (called “Bob”) tied to a piece of string"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Penetration ability","Ability of radioactive emissions to pass through materials"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Period","For a particular vibration, the time for one complete oscillation"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Period (wave)","The time required for one complete cycle of a wave"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Permittivity ","Proportion by which the capacitance increases when an insulator is placed between the plates of a capacitor"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Perpendicular ","At right angles"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Phase change ","When wave collides with an interface, the reflected wave has same speed/amplitude as incident wave but is upside down"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Phasor ","Anti- clockwise rotating vector used to help draw sine graphs"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Phenomena ","Something that happens but can't always be explained"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Photoelectric effect ","Effect where metal surface releases electrons when struck by photons"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Photon ","Packet of energy"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Physical quantity ","Something that can be physically measured e.g. Mass, time"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Pitch ","Frequency of sound (low pitch = low frequency, high pitch = high frequency)"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Pivot","Point upon which an object turns or rotates"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Planck's constant","Constant in the relationship between the energy of vibrating molecules and their frequency of vibration"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Plum pudding model","J.J Thomson’s model of an atom; electrons were randomly distributed within a positively charged cloud"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Polarized Light","Whose constituent transverse waves are all vibrating in the same plane"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Polaroid","A film that transmits only polarized light"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Positive electric charge","One of the two types of electric charge; repels other positive charges and attracts negative charges"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Potential Difference ","Difference in voltage between two points"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Potential Energy","The energy of a body due to its height or the energy of a body due to its shape"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Power","The rate of doing work is called power"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Power Dissipated by a Resistor","P = IV = I²R = V²/R "]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Principles ","Fundamental Physics ideas"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Process ","Steps leading to a particular result"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Projectile","An object thrown into space either horizontally and under the action of gravity"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Properties ","Attributes"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Proportionality constant","A constant applied to a proportionality statement that transforms the statement into an equation"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Provide ","Give information or calculations to explain the problem"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Pulse","A wave of short duration confined to a small portion of the medium at any given time"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Qualitative ","Descriptive (not numerical)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Quanta","Fixed amounts; usually referring to fixed amounts of energy absorbed or emitted by matter"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Quantitative ","Numerical"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Quantum Mechanics","Model of the atom based on the wave nature of subatomic particles"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Radiation ","Emission of energy as particles ( α , β ) or waves ( γ )"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Radioactive decay","The natural spontaneous disintegration of nuclei where radioactive isotopes break down into stable isotopes"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Radioactive decay series","Series of decays where one radioactive nucleus decays to a second nucleus  to a third etc. until a stable nucleus is reached"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Radioactive source","Source(point of origin) of radioactive emissions"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Radioactivity","Spontaneous emission of particles or energy from an atomic nucleus as it disintegrates"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Radius","Distance from centre of circle to edge"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Randomly","Unpredictably"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Range","The horizontal distance traveled by a projectile"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Rarefaction","A part of a longitudinal wave in which the density of the particles of the medium is less than the normal density"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Rate of decay","Number of radioactive emissions/counts per second"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Reactance ","Ability of a capacitor or inductor to limit current in an A.C. circuit"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Real image","An image generated by a lens or mirror that can be projected onto a screen"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Rectilinear Motion","The motion of a body in a straight line is called rectilinear motion."]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Red shift ","Shift in spectral lines from stars due to their relative motion"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Reflected ray","A line representing direction of motion of light reflected from a boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Reflection","The change when light, sound, or other waves bounce backwards off a boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Refraction","A change in the direction of travel of light, sound, or other waves crossing a boundary"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Relationship ","How two (or more) variables are connected / related"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Relativistic ","An effect which changes the value of a quantity e.g. Mass at high velocities"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Relativistic mass ","The mass an object would mass if you could measure it while it is moving"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Relevant ","Something that is important to the situation"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity",null,"Repulsion of Electric Charges","Like charges give positive potential energy (repulsive force). Like charges repel one another"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Resistance","A material's opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Resistors","Objects that allow charge to flow at a reduced rate (change into heat or light)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Resonance ","Oscillation when frequency of forced vibration is same as natural frequency"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Resonant frequency","The frequency of vibration of an elastic object that depends on the size, composition, and shape of the object"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Restoring force","The force which moves an oscillating body back towards its mean position whenever it is displaced"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Retardation","Negative acceleration is called retardation. In retardation the velocity of a body decreases with time."]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Reverberation","Apparent increase in volume caused by reflections, usually arriving within 0.1 second after the original sound"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Revolution","One full circle (2π)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Rotational Inertia","Measure of the reluctance of an object to change its rotation"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Rutherford's model of the atom","An atom with a dense positive nucleus around which tiny electrons moved in a space that was otherwise empty."]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Scalar Quantity","A physical quantity, which is described completely by its magnitude"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Scientific law","A relationship between quantities, usually described by an equation in the physical sciences"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Scientific principle","A relationship between quantities concerned with a specific, or narrow range of observations and behavior"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Second","The standard unit of time in both the metric and English systems of measurement"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Secondary coil","Coil of wire in which the voltage in the primary coil is stepped up or down by way of electromagnetic induction"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Series","Electrical connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Show ","Give evidence for"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Significant figures ","How many numbers you use to write an answer (based on information given)"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Simple Circuits","A circuit that has only one pathway for electricity to flow through"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Simple harmonic motion","The vibratory motion that occurs when there is a restoring force opposite to and proportional to a displacement"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Size ","how big something is (Magnitude)"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Sketch ","Draw roughly"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Slit ","Gap /Aperture"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Solenoid","A cylindrical coil of wire that becomes electromagnetic when a current runs through it"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Sonic boom","Sound waves that pile up into a shock wave when a source is traveling at or faster than the speed of sound"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Sound waves ","Longitudinal wave that requires a medium (travels at 340 ms -1 in air)"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Sources of EMF","Battery, generators, solar cells"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Spectra ","Separation of electromagnetic spectrum into its discrete frequencies (e.g. ROYGBIV for visible light)"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Spectrum ","The dispersion of white light into its component colours ROYGBIV for visible light"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Speed","The distance traveled by a body in one unit of time is called its speed"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Spring constant","Force required to extend or compress a spring by one metre"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Standing waves","Where two waves of equal frequency traveling in opposite directions meet they can produce these"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","State ","A short response"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","State of Motion","When a body changes its position with respect to a fixed point"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","State of Rest","When a body does not change its position with respect to a fixed point"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Straightforward problems ","A problem that only requires one step to solve"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Structure of the Atom","The way the model suggests the atom is arranged (Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr)"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Superconductors","Some materials in which, under certain conditions, the electrical resistance approaches zero"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Superimposed","When two or more waves occupy the same position at the same time, they  'overlap' and show a combined pattern"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Superposition of pulses ","Addition of wave pulses"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Tangential velocity","Velocity in a perpendicular direction to the centripetal force at a given instant"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Tension force","Force in object that opposes them being stretched"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Terminals ","Ends of a battery that a circuit is connected to"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Tesla ","Unit of Magnetic field strength"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Thermal radiation","Electromagnetic waves with frequencies in the infrared range lower than the red end of the visible spectrum"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Threshold frequency ","The minimum frequency of photons that cause electrons to be emitted from a metal surface"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Time constant ","Time for voltage/current to change by 63%"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Time of flight","The time taken by a projectile from the moment it is thrown until it touches the ground"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Time Period (of a wave)","The time taken by a wave to travel through a distance equal to its wavelength"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Time Period (of an oscillation)","The time taken to complete one oscillation"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Torque","Turning force (not applied through the centre of mass)"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Total internal reflection","Occurs when a wave arrives at a boundary at the critical angle or beyond and is reflected back"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Electricity","Transformers","A device that transfers electricity from one circuit to another, by means of electromagnetic induction"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Transverse waves","A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in a direction perpendicular of the direction of propagation of wave"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Trough","The point of maximum negative displacement on a transverse wave"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Type of radiation","Alpha, Beta or Gamma"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Ultrasonic","Sound waves too high in frequency to be heard by the human ear; frequencies above 20,000Hz"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Unbalanced forces","When a number of forces act on a body and the resultant force is not zero"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Understanding ","Knowing (and being able to explain) how something works"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Uniform Acceleration","When the velocity of a body increases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Uniform Circular Motion","The motion of an object in a circular path with uniform speed"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Uniform electric field ","An electric field of constant strength where field lines are parallel and equally spaced"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Uniform Speed","When a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time then it is said to have uniform speed."]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Uniform Velocity","When a body travels along a straight line in particular direction and covers equal distances in equal intervals of time"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Units ","What a quantity is measured in e.g. ms-1"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Universal Gravitational Constant","6.67 x 10-11 Used in the formula for Newton’s Law on universal gravitation"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Mechanics","Universal law of gravitation","Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Waves","Unpolarised light","Light consisting of transverse waves vibrating in all conceivable random directions"]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms","PHY3: Atoms","Unstable nucleus","A nucleus that spontaneously undergoes change, which involves emission of radiation from the nucleus."]
[null,"PHY2: Atoms",null,"Vacuum chamber","Chamber with no particles inside it"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Vector addition","Numerically add vectors by use of Pythagoras’s theorem to calculate magnitude and direction"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Vector components","A vector (e.g. Force) separated into vertical and horizontal components"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Vector diagram","Scale diagram to show magnitude and direction of vectors"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Vector Quantity","A quantity, which needs both magnitude and direction to describe it"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Velocity","Distance traveled by a body in a particular direction per unit time"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Vertical circle","Circular motion where the speed, as well as the direction of the object, is constantly changing"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Vertical component","Vector quantities can be separated into two components at 90O to each other – horizontal and vertical"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Vibration","A back and forth motion that repeats itself"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves",null,"Virtual image","An image where light rays appear to originate from a mirror or lens; this image cannot be projected on a screen"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Voltage ","Measure of energy per unit charge (W/Q)"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Voltage - current characteristics ","Graphical representation of voltage against current for a particular component"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Voltage drop","The electric potential difference across a resistor or other part of a circuit that consumes power"]
[null,"PHY2: Electricity","PHY3: Electricity","Voltmeter ","Device that measures voltage and is connected in parallel to a component"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Watt","Metric unit for power; equivalent to joule/sec"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Wave","A disturbance or oscillation that moves through a medium"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Wave crest ","Top of the wave"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Wave direction ","Direction which wave is travelling (wave front will be at 90 o to this)"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Wave front ","Point on wave where waves have the same path length from the source"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Wave motion","The movement produced involving the transfer of energy but not the transfer of matter "]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Wave period","The time required for two successive crests or other successive parts of the wave to pass a given point"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Wave velocity","The distance traveled by a wave in one second"]
[null,"PHY2: Waves","PHY3: Waves","Wavelength","The distance between the two nearest points on a waves (two adjacent crests or two adjacent troughs)"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Weight","The force with which a body is attracted towards the center of the earth"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Weightless","Apparent loss of weight of a body in free-fall"]
[null,"PHY2: Mechanics","PHY3: Mechanics","Work","Work is done when force acting on a body moves it"]
[null,null,"PHY3: Atoms","Work function ","Minimum energy needed for electrons to escape a metal surface during photoelectric effect"]
[null,"PHY2: All","PHY3: All","Workings ","Mathematical steps showing use of a formula to reach a final answer"]

{"sheet":"microbes","index":15,"n_rows":109,"n_cols":3,"rows_kept":109,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[]
[null,"absorb ","Movement of materials through a membrane."]
[null,"active immunity ","When the body’s immune response is initiated by an invading foreign substance, this may be through an infection or an immunisation."]
[null,"adapted ","Any structural or functional change to an organism that enables it to have an increased survival within its environment."]
[null,"aerobic respiration","Respiration is carried out with oxygen present."]
[null,"agar plates ","Plates of agar used for culturing micro-organisms."]
[null,"anaerobic respiration ","Respiration carried out in the absence of oxygen."]
[null,"antibodies ","A protein produced by the body as part of the immune response."]
[null,"antigens ","A substance that the body treats as foreign and initiates an immune response."]
[null,"asexual reproduction ","Reproduction that produces genetically identical offspring from one parent."]
[null,"bacillus ","A bacterium that is rod shaped."]
[null,"bacteria","Micro-organisms that are singled celled and lack a nuclear membrane. There are many different types of Bacteria."]
[null,"binary fission ","The process by which bacteria reproduce."]
[null,"budding ","A process of asexual reproduction that involves a bud forming from the body of the parent. It detaches to form a new individual."]
[null,"carbon cycle ","A cycle in which carbon is used and reused throughout the ecosystem."]
[null,"cell ","The unit that makes up all living organisms."]
[null,"cell membrane","The semi permeable membrane forming the outer boundary of the cell."]
[null,"cell wall ","An outer layer of a cell that is ridged and in plants and most algae it is made of cellulose. "]
[null,"cilia ","Very small hairlike structures that protrude from cells."]
[null,"coccus ","Spherical shaped bacteria."]
[null,"colony ","A group of individual cells that have developed from a single parent cell."]
[null,"communicable ","An infection that can be passed between individuals."]
[null,"competition ","An interaction that occurs between individuals or populations. This may be over environmental factors that they share or that overlap, e.g. food, light or shelter."]
[null,"composting ","Organic matter that is being decayed by micro-organisms such as fungi and bacteria, usually used as a fertiliser to enhance soils."]
[null,"contaminated ","In this context it is when unwanted micro-organisms are present on agar plates."]
[null,"contagious ","An infection that is easily passed from one organism to another."]
[null,"control ","A control is a duplicate setup in an experiment with everything identical except for the variable you are testing."]
[null,"culture ","A culture is a group of micro-organisms grown for a specific use, e.g. a group of bacteria grown on nutrient agar under specific conditions."]
[null,"cytoplasm ","A jelly like substance found in a cell. It is a matrix in which the cells organelles are suspended."]
[null,"decomposition/decay ","The chemical break down of matter."]
[null,"denitrification ","A chemical process carried out by denitrifying bacteria that breaks down nitrates in the soil to nitrogen that is released into the atmosphere."]
[null,"diffusion ","A natural process in which particles move from a high concentration to a low concentration until an even distribution of particles occurs."]
[null,"digest/digestion ","The process in living organisms that breaks down food particles into smaller forms that can be easily absorbed and assimilated by the body."]
[null,"disease ","Occurs when the normal functioning of body cells, tissues or organs is disrupted."]
[null,"disease transmission","The spread of a disease form one organism to another."]
[null,"dormant ","An inactive period in which growth stops."]
[null,"energy ","Is produced by respiration in cells and used to carry out other life processes."]
[null,"environment ","The chemical, physical and biological aspects of the area in which an organism lives."]
[null,"enzymes ","A protein that is a biological catalyst in cellular reactions."]
[null,"epidemic ","An outbreak of a disease affecting large numbers of organisms in a population at the same time."]
[null,"excreted ","The process of an organism getting rid of its wastes."]
[null,"extracellular","Outside the cell."]
[null,"fermentation","A form of anaerobic respiration. Used in the production of some foods and drinks."]
[null,"flagellum ","Long thread-like structures, attached to bacteria which allow them to move."]
[null,"fungi ","A group of micro-organisms that can exist as either unicellular or multicellular. Yeasts and moulds."]
[null,"genetic material ","May be in the form of DNA or RNA. Contains information for the cell to make proteins."]
[null,"genetically engineered ","A technique that involves altering the organism by inserting genes from one another organism into its DNA."]
[null,"growth curve","The rate at which a colony of micro-organisms’ increases in number."]
[null,"host ","A cell or organism that provides food, shelter or in the case of viruses; essential processes it requires for replication."]
[null,"humus ","Organic matter found in soil formed by the decomposition of plant material by soil micro-organisms."]
[null,"hyphae"," A filament in fungi that secretes digestive enzymes onto substrate."]
[null,"immune system ","Part of the body that is involved with fi ghting foreign substances."]
[null,"immunity ","A state of an organism that is not susceptible to a specifi c disease."]
[null,"incubate ","The right conditions, e.g. temperature, moisture, pH, nutrients for a micro-organism to survive."]
[null,"infection/infected ","The invasion of a living organism by a pathogen."]
[null,"inflammation ","This is a immune response by the body to a pathogen or foreign substance. Usually produces symptoms such as redness, swelling, heat."]
[null,"inoculation ","The placing of a small amount of a bacterial or fungi colony on a culture medium."]
[null,"leucocytes ","A white blood cell."]
[null,"lymphocytes ","A type of white blood cell that has little cytoplasm and a large nucleus. They are formed in the lymph nodes and help fight infections."]
[null,"microbe/micro-organism ","An organism that can only be seen with the use of a microscope."]
[null,"moulds ","Type of fungi."]
[null,"mucus ","A type of slimy substance."]
[null,"multicellular ","Many cells working together to form an organism."]
[null,"mycelium ","A mass of hyphae that form the body of a fungus."]
[null,"nitrification ","The process that turns the nitrogen (mostly ammonia) in decaying organic matter into nitrates by nitrifying bacteria in the soil."]
[null,"nitrogen fixation ","A chemical process carried out by nitrogen fi xing bacteria that takes nitrogen from the atmosphere and assimilates it into organic compounds that can be used by plants."]
[null,"nutrient agar ","A jelly like substance that contains nutrients for growing micro-organisms."]
[null,"nutrients ","Any substance that a living organism requires for nutrition. Either for energy or structural growth."]
[null,"opportunistic pathogens ","Disease causing organisms that quickly takes any opportunity to infect hosts."]
[null,"organisms ","An individual living system that carries out MRS C GREN. It can be unicellular or multicellular."]
[null,"oxygen ","An essential substance aerobic respiration."]
[null,"parasites ","An organism that lives in or on a host organism that causes damage or harm to its host."]
[null,"passive immunity ","Is immunity against a pathogen that is gained from either breast milk or colostrum or can be a vaccination of antibodies. It is short term."]
[null,"pathogen ","An organism that causes disease."]
[null,"pH ","Indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a substance."]
[null,"phagocytes ","A cell that is part of the immune response. It engulfs and breaks down foreign particles. The process is called phagocytosis."]
[null,"photosynthesis ","The cellular process of reacting carbon dioxide and water using light to produce glucose and oxygen. It requires chlorophyll and only occurs in producers."]
[null,"recycling ","The movement of essential elements around an ecosystem."]
[null,"replication ","In this context it is the copying of genetic material to form new viruses."]
[null,"reproduce ","To produce offspring."]
[null,"reproductive hyphae ","Hyphae that contain sporangium full of spores."]
[null,"respiration","A cellular process that uses oxygen and water and glucose to form energy and carbon dioxide."]
[null,"reproduce ","To produce offspring."]
[null,"reproductive hyphae ","Hyphae that contain sporangium full of spores."]
[null,"respiration ","A cellular process that uses oxygen and water and glucose to form energy and carbon dioxide."]
[null,"saprophytes"," An organism that feeds off dead or decaying matter."]
[null,"secrete ","The movement of a substance produced by the organism to outside the cell."]
[null,"septic tank","A structure that is used to contain waste from toilets and grey water systems from a house."]
[null,"sewage ","Faeces and organic waste matter that may come from animal or human sources that is dissolved or suspended in water."]
[null,"slime capsule ","A layer of slime that is found on the outer most part of some micro-organisms."]
[null,"spirillum ","A bacteria shaped like a spiral."]
[null,"sporangium ","A reproductive structure in fungi that produces spores."]
[null,"spores","Is a reproductive cell. It can develop into an individual when conditions certain conditions are present."]
[null,"sterile ","Free from contamination of micro-organisms."]
[null,"substrate ","A substance which fungi and bacteria are able to secrete enzymes and gain nutrition for growth and reproduction."]
[null,"symptoms ","Any change or sensation experienced by an organism that is associated with a disease."]
[null,"tissue ","A group of of cells of similar structure organised in a way that enables them to carry out certain functions."]
[null,"toxic ","Damaging to an organisms health."]
[null,"toxins ","Substances that are damaging to an organisms health. They affect the normal functioning of an organism."]
[null,"transmission ","The spread of a disease from one organism to another."]
[null,"transmitted ","An organism has been infected with the disease or infection."]
[null,"ubiquitous ","Is found everywhere."]
[null,"unicellular organisms ","Organisms that only have one cell."]
[null,"vaccination ","To inoculate with a vaccine to produce immunity to specific disease."]
[null,"vector ","A vector is used to describe an animal that passively transmits disease from one organism to another."]
[null,"vector (cloning)","A cloning vector is used to insert foreign fragments of DNA into a host cells genetic material."]
[null,"vibrio ","A comma shaped bacterium."]
[null,"viruses","A very small particle that is inert outside a host cell. When it reaches a host cell it is able to replicate as it does it destroys the host cell. They are pathogens."]
[null,"yeasts ","A group of unicellular organisms that are classified as Fungi."]